Last time we talked about David’s ethical wills to Shlomo. Now I want to go back a perek to David’s old age (he’s only 69, but government service ages you).
I will not deal with Avishag (we looked at this story in If This Be Treason, as an example of what it means to marry the concubine of a king). This story tells us that David was perceived to be weak, which leads to the next story.
It needs to be emphasized that this is
not a rebellion. Adoniah was the oldest surviving son who was eligible for the מלכות, and he says אני אֶמְלֹךְ, not (שמואל ב טו:י) מָלַךְ אבשלום בחברון. Avshalom had declared himself king; Adoniah is declaring himself heir apparent. We know that David wanted Shlomo to succeed him, and I think it was public knowledge. But it’s clear that Adoniah had been publicly claiming אני אמלך and David never corrected him. So maybe David didn’t really mean it when he said that Shlomo would succeed him. Yoav and Aviatar weren’t going against the explicit command of the king.
And David does not gainsay Adoniah. It’s not clear to me why not, and none of the classical commentators remark on this. It’s possible that he thought, after all the civil wars, that having a strong military leader was more important to the country than building the בית המקדש. Yes, he had a נבואה that Shlomo was the chosen child who would build it, but it’s not our job to make prophecies come true. Shlomo could end up king after Adoniah pacified the kingdom. But the נביא had other plans.
Note that Nathan is lying here. As we said before, מָלַךְ אֲדֹנִיָּהוּ בֶן חַגִּית isn’t accurate; Adoniah just said אני אֶמְלֹךְ. But there was a higher value.
David might have hoped that Adoniah and Shlomo could work together. But Nathan knew that if Adoniah became king, Shlomo would be dead. That’s just how things worked.
There are two key parts of Bat Sheva’s argument: אתה נשבעת…כי שלמה בנך ימלך אחרי and והייתי אני ובני שלמה חטאים (the implication that Adoniah would kill Shlomo). David decides to publicly reassert that Shlomo will be king after him.
But when did David swear to Bat Sheva that Shlomo would be king? All we have recorded is a נבואה that ה׳ loved Shlomo, but that’s not the same thing.
Rav Eisemann asks why Bat Sheva mentions the oath but not the public declaration that Shlomo would be his heir. I think those were the same thing. דברי הימים describes the first time Shlomo is presented to the public:
It’s not clear when that happened, but then there are 5 chapters of organizing the future בית המקדש, then another public celebration:
So my assumption is that פרק כג describes a public presentation of Shlomo as heir apparent, when he is 2 or so years old, and that included an oath to Bat Sheva.
David is 60 years old, זקן ושבע ימים but not yet והמלך זקן מאד. That is when Avshalom starts plotting to take over, because he is the oldest surviving son of David. But וַיַּמְלֵךְ את שלמה doesn’t mean he was crowned king; David is still the king. The coronation of Shlomo won’t happen for another ten years, in פרק כט. But that is described as וַיַּמְלִיכוּ שנית לשלמה. The first time is described in ספר מלכים, in our chapter:
So if it was public knowlege that David wanted Shlomo to be king, what was Yoav thinking when he followed Adoniyah? I assume that Yoav, as always, has what he thinks is David’s best interests in mind. When the kingdom is at peace, it’s fine to have a peace-loving kid on the throne, one who would probably choose wisdom over wealth or power if given the chance. But in the ten years since David’s announcement, the country has gone through two civil wars. It needs a strong leader. Yoav thinks David made a mistake with Shlomo, and David needs to do התרת נדרים, void his oath, and designate a real king.
And if we think in terms of the halachot of התרת נדרים, we understand why נתן needs Bat Sheva to say נשבעת לאמתך לאמר כי שלמה בנך ימלך אחרי והוא ישב על כסאי. Such an oath is much stronger.
And now Adoniah’s incipient reign ends:
Notice what has happened: Shlomo is now המלך שלמה. David is still alive, but he has abdicated in favor of his son. There can’t be two kings simultaneously, and now there should be no struggle for David’s successor after he dies.
So, if in these final days? weeks? months? of his life, David is now “king emeritus”. What does he do in retirement?
I think we have a פרק תהילים that describes David’s feelings. We looked at a similar perek in Just Remember This, which discussed תהילים עא:ט, אל תשליכני לעת זקנה; ככלות כחי אל תעזבני, and the conclusion of (תהילים עא:יד) הוספתי על כל תהלתך.
The theme of נמשלתי עם יורדי בור is very similar to that of תהילים פרק ל:
And in fact, Dr. Gesundheit says they are chiastic pairs in this section of ספר תהילים, centered around פרק כט.
But I read them as fundamentally different. We looked at תהילים פרק ל in The Madness of King Saul, in the context of David’s youth as a musician for the depressed and paranoid Saul. The שאול נפשי and מיורדי בור were psychological states.
Here David is not saying he is in שאול or is one of the יורדי בור (for which we need a metaphoric interpretation); he doesn’t want to be like them. If ה׳ is deaf to my prayer, then He will not speak to me, because that is what my prayer is: to hear ה׳'s voice in in the world, and to be able to sing it to others. That’s David’s retirement plan: ספר תהילים.
The רשעים do not even try to understand the ways of ה׳; לא יבינו אל פעלת ה׳—their understanding is not toward ה׳. And so, in a chiastic pun, if they are in a state of לא יָבִינוּ, then ה׳ will respond and לא יִבְנֵם, not build them up.
The volta turns the prayer of שְׁמַע קול תחנוני into the gratitude of שָׁמַע קול תחנוני; my prayers were answered.
אהודנו is interesting; it is usually translated as “I will thank him”, but that should be “אודנו”. A הד literally is an echo, which I think fits better here.
But this is the opposite. David’s שיר starts from ה׳ עזי and then that שיר is an echo of הקב״ה.
עז—strength—and song somehow go together to produce ישועה, salvation:
Having the strength to live is a reason to sing to ה׳. Being able to sing to ה׳ is an even greater reason to sing to ה׳. David can’t ask for a better retirement than that, so he wishes it on all of כלל ישראל: