After relating the story of David’s family, we return to the kingdom of Israel:
Avner is the one who put Ishboshet on the throne:
And the text emphasizes that Avner is the one fighting for Israel (in a losing battle):
Then we come onto the dialog that starts with ויאמר אל אבנר, ”and he said to Avner“. We don’t know who said it, until we get to the end of the quote, פילגש אבי. So it’s obviously Ishboshet. Leaving out his name seems to be a literary technique: it gives the sense of the camera coming in from around the corner , when we hear a heated argument but don’t know who is involved. We are surprised to find Ishboshet arguing with his chief of staff, the one who made him who he is. And the text continues to omit his name:
Ishboshet is hardly ever seen as the subject of a sentence. It just emphasizes his passivity.
I want to talk about what Ishboshet’s accusation means.לבא אל פילגש המלך is a big deal:
It is how Avshalom declares that he has rebelled and taken over from his father:
And that is the subtext of the battle between Adoniah and Solomon:
And this helps explain a very odd incident in Jacob’s life:
What’s wrong with this pasuk? From a דרש perspective, there’s no way a צדיק like ראובן would commit a crime like incest and adultery. So the gemara explains that after Rachel died, Jacob made Bilhah his primary wife (putting his bed in her tent) and Reuven defended his mother, Leah’s, honor by moving it to her tent:
But even from a פשט perpective, it cannot be taken literally. Reuven could not have slept with פילגש אביו, since Jacob did not have a פילגש:
The שפחות are never called פלגשים anywhere in the Torah, except here. So however we understand what actually happened, פילגש אביו is figurative. What he did was seen as sleeping with his father’s concubine, מעלה עליו הכתוב כאלו שכבה. It was an assertion of control, of leadership. Which is why his punishment is to lose that leadership. He is blamed for being impulsive (פחז כמים), taking what he could have had if he had only waited:
Which explains an interesting gap in our story. Did Avner actually do anything wrong? Did he sleep with רצפה?
And the gap, the lack of information that we have to fill in, is striking. The narrator in תנ״ך usually tells us what is going on before describing the reactions of the participants. Compare a very similar story:
The text makes it very clear that אבימלך לא קרב אליה, and Avimelech defends himself aginst the accusation: בנקין כפי עשיתי זאת. We don’t see either of those things in our text.
But when we realize what the accusation really is, we realize that there is no gap. The accusation of מדוע באתה אל פילגש אבי is not one of immorality, it is one of treason: Avner is setting himself up as king. And the text does tell us that he is innocent: אבנר היה מתחזק בבית שאול; as Abarbanel says, שהיה מחזיק ידי איש־בשת. And Avner does defend himself: היום אעשה חסד עם בית שאול אביך אל אחיו ואל מרעהו ולא המציתך ביד דוד.
And then Avner snaps:
The language of כה יעשה אלקים וכה יוסף is a particularly strong oath as aposiopesis; we saw it with Solomon above and it recurs throughout תנ״ך:
It is striking that Avner recognizes that David is destined to be king. He was there when even Saul conceded that:
So what happens? Ishboshet is too scared to say anything, and we will see that he remains in denial that his kingdom is about to fall apart. But Avner acts:
What is תחתו? The targum translates it simply as “from his place”; Anver remained in Machanaim and just sent messengers secretly to David.
But the Malbim points out that they were authorized to negotiate on his behalf:
What does לאמר למי ארץ mean? Rashi brings two explanations: it’s either an oath to ה׳, or a term of respect to David:
And Avner promises to להסב אליך את כל ישראל. This echoes the wording of דברי הימים:
And has the sense of “turning”, of a revolution in the making.
David’s only demand is for the return of Michal. His relationship to Michal, his first wife, will be the focus of our next session.