As I ended with last time, we are going to return to the narrative of David’s life and his attempts to build the בית המקדש. But ספר שמואל ends with the relevation of הר הבית and David building a מזבח there:
And then it stops.
I would put it a little differently; ספר שמואל in fact begins with a united Israel. In the first narrative that involves the larger country, the Israelites are fighting as one nation:
We don’t appreciate Eli as a שופט; (שמואל א ד:יח) והוא שפט את ישראל ארבעים שנה. We focus on his failure as a כהן גדול. But the Israel of the end of ספר שופטים was a squabbling mess of independent tribes, and here they are united. I think we have to credit Eli for that, ואכמ״ל.
I think the message of ספר שמואל is the lack of a religious center, and how the destruction of the משכן and the lack of a בית המקדש leads to the re-splintering of the nation, and how David rebuilds it and re-unites to the brink of creating the permanent בית המקדש. The actual building is left for the sequel. There is some foreshadowing in ספר שמואל that the fault lines in the nation still exist, and when the sequel (ספר מלכים) ends up being written, it isn’t so much about building the בית המקדש and the society that maintains it. It is about the split in the nation and the ultimate destruction of that בית המקדש.
Be that as it may, for the continuation of our story we need to look elsewhere. And that elsewhere is ספר דברי הימים.
David gets a sign—the angel with a sword pointing at the threshing floor of Arnon, north of what was then Jerusalem proper—and a command from Gad to build an altar there. When he does, the fire comes down from heaven and the plague ends, and then the text says, ויזבח שם. From then on, he will offer sacrifices only there, even though the משכן is in גבעון.
It is the מזבח that is divinely commanded.
We think of the היכל, with the קודש הקודשים, as the essential point of the מקדש; and the מזבח is just placed in front of that. But Rambam clearly holds that the מזבח is the critical location, and the היכל is placed in the vicinity.
Since פרק ח, David had already filled storehouses with gold and silver planning for this, but now, he can start the project in earnest. Now he starts buying the actual building materials.
ויאמר דויד לכנוס את הגרים אשר בארץ ישראל seems independent of the next part of the pasuk: ויעמד חצבים לחצוב. What גרים are being assembled? Are they particularly good at stonework? And ויאמר דויד לכנוס means “David planned to assemble”, not that he did. Ralbag understands this as a callback to the story of the famine and the Givonim. We said that David restored the Givonim to their historic role in the מקדש.
These “נתינים” that David “נתן” were the גרים mentioned here.
When did this all happen? Based on the gemara in Sukkah about the digging of the foundations, I assume it before Avshalom’s rebellion. I’ve presented this chronology before; this is expanded and slightly modified (I pushed Shlomo’s birth up a bit). This is my opinion, my headcanon.
David’s Age
Event
25
David anointed
26
David kills Goliath
27
David and Shmuel plan the בית המקדש; destruction of Nov
28
David is a Philistine vassal in Ziklag
30
Death of Saul; David becomes king in Chevron over Judah
32
Death of Ish Boshet
35
Avshalom born
37
David becomes king over all Israel
38
Conquest of Jerusalem and war of independence against the Philistines
40
Nathan tells David he will not build the בית המקדש
41-48
The מלחמות הרשות of שמואל ב פרק ח
46
3 year famine (שמואל ב פרק כא)
48
The Givonim are appeased
49
War with Ammon
50
Bat Sheva affair
51
The child dies, as do Bat Sheva’s next 3 children
53
The census (שמואל ב פרק כד)
54
The plague and revelation of the site of the בית המקדש
55
The rape of Tamar
57
Amnon murdered and Avshalom in exile
58
Birth of Shlomo; Achitophel turns against David
60
Shlomo is publicly presented as heir; Avshalom allowed to return but David will not see him
62
Avshalom allowed back to the palace but starts plotting against David.
65
Avshalom openly rebels (40 years from when David was anointed as king)
66
The rebellion of Sheva ben Bichri
69
David abdicates in favor of Shlomo
70
David dies
So David starts building the בית המקדש in earnest at age 54, then at age 58 he has the child he has been praying for.
And דברי הימים skips ahead to the year before David dies. Shlomo is 11.
What follows is David’s will, the legacy he wants to give to his son. It’s not the legacy of an estate—that, the kingdom of Israel—is the story of פרק א of ספר מלכים א. It is an ethical will.
We’ve talked about דם לרב שפכת many times, and what that means in the context of building the בית המקדש. David’s charge to Shlomo has three messages: keep the Torah, חזק ואמץ, and build the בית המקדש (for which I have gotten everything ready). It echoes very closely ה׳'s charge to Yehoshua:
Again,
three messages: keep the Torah, חזק ואמץ, and conquer ארץ ישראל (for which I have gotten everything ready). Abarbanel points out that there are three “חזק ואמץ” corresponding to three areas that Joshua will need to be strong:
Just as Yehoshua is going to be the מלך, to lead the people into their new phase of existence, as a nation in their land; so will Shlomo lead the people into their new phase of existence as an אור לגוים, which is what the בית המקדש is all about: לשם ולתפארת לכל הארצות.
ה׳ tells Yehoshua חזק ואמץ in dealing with other people. Being a מלך means being a judge, which means making hard choices.
and חזק ואמץ in your service to ה׳, because power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely.
The third חזק ואמץ is about being a military leader. That should not be relevant to Shlomo, because שלום ושקט אתן על ישראל בימיו.
תנ״ך records other ethical wills that David leaves to Shlomo. He presents one later in דברי הימים, in front of the entire people, that summarizes the previous one.
And there are two in תהילים. We dealt with תהילים פרק עב in Crowning Glory.
They summarize the reason why we care about the בית המקדש. If having a pretty building is so important, just build it! But David’s point is that it is only a symbol. It can only be built if ידין עמך בצדק; וענייך במשפט. And without ה׳'s approval, it means nothing:
אם ה׳ לא יבנה בית שוא עמלו בוניו בו.
They are all consistent with David’s message in דברי הימים.
But the interesting ethical will is the one in ספר מלכים:
There are also three messages here: keep the Torah, וחזקת והיית לאיש (which sounds parallel to חזק ואמץ), and reward my friends/kill my enemies. Seems much more petty than the glorious ידין עמך בצדק.
We need to review who all those people are. Yoav was David’s nephew, his general and his chief enforcer. Avner was Saul’s and then Ish Boshet’s general (and Saul’s uncle), and he had killed Asael, Yoav’s brother, during the civil war between Ish Boshet and David. Avner later tried trying to re-unite the country but Yoav didn’t trust him.
Amasa was David’s nephew and Avshalom’s general during his rebellion. In the final battle of that rebellion, Yoav killed Avshalom against David’s orders. David fired him and, trying to re-unite the country, appointed Amasa in his place. Amasa was leading the army during the rebellion of שבע בן בכרי:
As I have said many times, Yoav was fiercely loyal to King David; at least to the idea of King David. He would do whatever he thought was necessary to preserve his reign, even if David himself disagreed. And Yoav never met a problem that couldn’t be solved with a sharp blade under the fifth rib.
So was לא תורד שיבתו בשלם שאל a command to kill Yoav? Abarbanel says it was not a command but a prediction; he admits he was wrong to tolerate (and even take advantage of; see Uriah) Yoav’s violence. עשית כחכמתך: Yoav will be a problem. Deal with it directly.
The bottom line is that preserving the unity of the country outweighs more transient political concerns.
ברזלי הגלעדי was one of those who supported David during Avshalom’s rebellion, and David had tried to reward him:
The גלעד was the part of the country most isolated from יהודה and the central government in Jerusalem. It had been the center of Ish Boshet’s kingdom, when it was split from David’s יהודה:
So publicly demonstrating that the children of the איש גדול of גלעד shows that preserving the unity of the country outweighs more transient political concerns.
שמעי בן גרא is different. He was a cousin of Saul.
But when David won the civil war, שמעי tried to make amends:
And in the confrontation with Adoniah, שמעי remains loyal to Shlomo and David’s plan to designate him as heir apparent:
And David acknowleges that loyalty here: והנה עמך שמעי בן גרא. But still he demands: אל תנקהו…והורדת את שיבתו בדם שאול. That’s stronger than what he said about Yoav: ולא תורד שיבתו בשלם שאל.
And that is what Shlomo does:
All the מפרשים take this positively; what a wonderful thing Shlomo did!
But חז״ל had a different perspective. They noted that right after this comment of והממלכה נכונה ביד שלמה we have the beginning of the end:
This is from the gemara:
The midrash goes further:
Killing שמעי בן גרא led to the alliance with פרעה and the influence of בת פרעה. גבריאל is the angel of ה׳'s intervention in history (see פרשת וישב תשע״ז). That one event caused a grain of sand to stick, and would lead to the civil war under ירבעם and not only to the destruction of the בית המקדש, but to the rise of Rome and the destruction of the second בית המקדש.
חז״ל see שמעי בן גרא as an important person, a תלמיד חכם:
And he was the ancestor of Mordechai:
When חז״ל say he was a רב to Shlomo, what does that mean? What did he teach Shlomo? David had been told: כי שלמה יהיה שמו ושלום ושקט אתן על ישראל בימיו. That’s a prophecy, not a prediction. It’s not guaranteed to come true. How do you teach the value of שלום?
It seems that bringing the cousin of man who tried to kill you, the one who cursed you and stoned you at your lowest point, the one who begged for your forgiveness and to whom you swore not to harm—bringing that man to live with you, would be the greatest example of the value of שלום.
So what happened here? After the whole lecture about the evils of וישם דמי מלחמה בשלם, now David is asking Shlomo to do exactly that. Rav Dessler says that David could be מוותר on his honor, and see שמעי's curses as the will of ה׳. But that is at a higher spiritual level. Running a government requires respect for the government, and if Shlomo was to be king, he could not let the lèse-majesté pass.
And that is, of course, true. But I think there’s something more than that. I am sure David instructed Shlomo in many things; the author of ספר מלכים had to select what went into the book. I think this was included to highlight a sort of blind spot David had with respect to the family of Saul. We saw something similar in his dealing with מפיבשת, Saul’s grandson:
ספר מלכים is about how Israel split into two halves that could not survive without the other. For all David’s advice ידין עמך בצדק, we see the hints of that here. David’s command about שמעי foreshadowed what was to come.