We are going back to the end of פרק כא, after the story of the three years' drought. We have another appendix to ספר שמואל:
This sounds like a straightforward narrative, that describes David’s old age, as his people force him to retire. We’ve seen a similar story before, during the rebellion of Avshalom:
And like the other appendices to ספר שמואל, it is part of the segue to ספר מלכים:
But the gemara takes a much more aggadic approach.
To review the story of נב:
The gemara then says David was faced with a choice:
I’ve left out a fair bit of the description of the battle, but it’s clear that the gemara takes this not as a description of David’s retirement, but as a midrashic consequence of his behavior in נב. Why should that have been so bad, that it threatens his life and that of his descendants? Yes, he lies, but he was in danger of his life. I think the issue is not just נב, but a side of David that we hadn’t seen before. Here, David is willing to lie even if it puts others at risk, putting his own self-preservation above all other considerations. נב wasn’t so bad, but we will see that same David in the story of Bat Sheva, and especially when he has Uriah killed. And that story, certainly, risks David losing his kingship and his dynasty.
But what forces the gemara to read the text this way? We will have to see.
Then the perek has three short stories about battles with Philistines, but David is not fighting them:
And it ends with a summary:
The hard one to figure out is the third of the four stories: ויך אלחנן בן יערי ארגים בית הלחמי את גלית הגתי. Hadn’t David killed גלית הגתי decades earlier? We can look at the parallel text in דברי הימים:
There, the first story about David’s exhaustion is missing. The theme of דברי הימים is the glorious history of the Jewish people, written to encourage them after שיבת ציון. It leaves out all the unpleasant stories, like Bat Sheva and Avshalom.
So it starts with the second story:
Some names are slightly different, גזר instead of גוב, ספי instead of סף. But the notable change is that the Philistine is מילידי הרפאים, instead of בילדי הרפה. And that means something:
So these other Philistine heros were giants, related to Goliath, and were similarly intended to intimidate their enemies; the fourth one explicitly says ויחרף את ישראל, like Goliath:
The next story in the דברי הימים version solves the ויך אלחנן…את גלית problem by turning the killer of גלית הגתי into the killer of אחי גלית:
And מצודת ציון assumes that is what our text in שמואל really means; אלחנן attacked “the house of לחמי who had been with (את) גלית”.
The next one (and the summary) is almost identical:
There are other approaches to understanding ויך אלחנן…את גלית. It could be just a scribal error, a typo. The “real” killing was of אחי גלית, and our text is corrupted. That’s the easy academic answer, and one I won’t even mention.
This could be a different Philistine hero with the same name (this is the approach of the דעת מקרא תנ״ך). Goliath was a hero; there were probably lots of kids named after him.
Yochi Brandes, in The Secret Book of Kings , portrays David as the villian of the story. In her novel, the entire David and Goliath battle was a lie for PR purposes, and the real death of Goliath was snuck in here, at the end of the book, by pro-Benjaminite scribes.
The last approach is a midrashic one.
When we read the history in דברי הימים, we read it as history. It was written by עזרא to give a past and a future to the nascent שובת ציון, and was presumably drawn from older chronicles which we do not have but clearly existed:
ספר שמואל is different. It is a ספר נבואה, not a history book. I would say these little stories are meant to be read metaphorically; they are a proto-midrash on history. There is a lesson to be learned. That is why they are in the appendix; they are poetry, not prose.
We see a similar poetic re-reading of history earlier in the ספר:
The פשט in this part of the text is that it has to be understood as דרש.
That’s why the gemara reads the story of the death of ישבי בנב, as the איש שבא על עסקי נוב. It’s about the lessons of David’s behavior in נב, and how that sort of behavior almost destroyed him in the end.
The second story is about סף אשר בילדי הרפה, who in the “real” history of דברי הימים is מילידי הרפאים, an aboriginal giant. The gemara says the change of spelling tells us that he was actually a descendant of ערפה, Ruth’s sister in law:
We discussed this when we looked at the battle of David and Goliath, They Might Be Giants and when David ran to the Philistines. That Way Madness Lies. The implications of this aggadah is that David and Goliath are cousins of a sort. And during the time that David was a leader of his (שמואל א כב:ב) כל איש מר נפש and then king in חברון he was basically a mercenary for the Philistines, just as Goliath was. And he wields Goliath’s sword:
To push the midrashic interpretation a little too far, he himself is סף אשר בילדי הרפה, ”on the brink of being one of the children of Orpah“.
The next story is about the killing of Goliath’s brother, which our text in ספר שמואל changes to Goliath himself. The midrash says that, as we know, David killed Goliath, and this pasuk is about that story from so many decades ago. But here he is called אלחנן בן יערי.
The ארון was in קרית יערים.
This is midrashically the David who slew Goliath, the golden boy שחננו הקדוש ברוך הוא, about whom the girls swooned and sang (שמואל א יח:ז) הִכָּה שָׁאוּל בַּאֲלָפָו וְדָוִד בְּרִבְבֹתָיו.
And the last story is the one about the six-fingered man. That brings one thing to mind:
But David’s father was killed by the Moabites (see An Empire the Size of Maine). So I can’t make that connection. It seems to me that there must be some symbolism of 6 fingers, totalling 24. But nobody mentions it. No midrash, no aggadah in the gemara. I must be missing something.
He is called איש מָדוֹן (in דברי הימים he is called איש מדה), presumably meaning “a big man”:
But if I’m looking for some deeper connection, some Forman-esque “where have we seen this before”, I only find something that comes after:
I have an איש, with מדה and שש in a יד—I’m pushing it, but this is vision is of the angel who is the architect of the next בית המקדש. Can we see a hint in our story of the איש מדון ואצבעת ידיו…שש to the architect of the first בית המקדש? And this איש מדון is described as ויחרף את ישראל. We discussed in Everybody Counts the idea that if David had built the בית המקדש, it would have been his, not the people’s, and it would stand as an eternal rebuke to them.
Where am I going with this?
We are almost finished with ספר שמואל, the story of דוד מלך. There are a lot of ways to look at David.
There is the David who is the בית הלחמי who slew גלית הגתי, the warrior and military leader who expanded Israel into a regional empire. But that is not the real David.
There is the David who lies to save his own skin, no matter how many others are hurt: the conniving, conspiring David of נב and most clearly of Bat Sheva and Uriah. But that is not the real David.
There is the David the bandit king, preying on others and expressing loyalty to the enemies of Israel. We see this David as well in the decimation of Moav (see An Empire the Size of Maine) and Edom (see Taken with a Grain of Salt). But that is not the real David.
There is the David who is obsessed with building the בית המקדש, to the point of ignoring the needs of his own people (see Once Upon a Midnight Dreary). But that is not the real David.
Of all of these metaphoric Davids, the נביא says, את ארבעת אלה ילדו…ויפלו ביד דוד. They had to fall to the wayside. The real David is the David of the next perek:
And the next:
And so ספר תהילים tells us the story of the “real” David, the one we are to remember.
But we still have more narrative to study before we return to תהילים.