ื‘ืกืดื“

Kavanot: Once Upon a Midnight Dreary

Thoughts on Tanach and the Davening

After the discussion of Davidโ€™s kingdom and government, we have a nice little story:

ื ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืฉืื•ืœ; ื•ืืขืฉื” ืขืžื• ื—ืกื“ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸืƒ ื‘ ื•ืœื‘ื™ืช ืฉืื•ืœ ืขื‘ื“ ื•ืฉืžื• ืฆื™ื‘ื ื•ื™ืงืจืื• ืœื• ืืœ ื“ื•ื“; ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืžืœืš ืืœื™ื• ื”ืืชื” ืฆื™ื‘ื ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืขื‘ื“ืšืƒ ื’ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืืคืก ืขื•ื“ ืื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืืขืฉื” ืขืžื• ื—ืกื“ ืืœืงื™ื; ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืฆื™ื‘ื ืืœ ื”ืžืœืš ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ื ื›ื” ืจื’ืœื™ืืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื˜

We have met this ื ื›ื” ืจื’ืœื™ื once before, in the context of the fall of the house of Saul:

ื•ืœื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ืŸ ื ื›ื” ืจื’ืœื™ื; ื‘ืŸ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื ืฉืžืขืช ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืืœ ื•ืชืฉืื”ื• ืืžื ืชื• ื•ืชื ืก ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื‘ื—ืคื–ื” ืœื ื•ืก ื•ื™ืคืœ ื•ื™ืคืกื— ื•ืฉืžื• ืžืคื™ื‘ืฉืชืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื“:ื“

And David wants to find him because of his oath to Jonathan:

ื˜ื• ื•ืœื ืชื›ืจื™ืช ืืช ื—ืกื“ืš ืžืขื ื‘ื™ืชื™ ืขื“ ืขื•ืœื; ื•ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ืณ ืืช ืื™ื‘ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืื™ืฉ ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื”ืƒ ื˜ื– ื•ื™ื›ืจืช ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ืขื ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื•ื“; ื•ื‘ืงืฉ ื”ืณ ืžื™ื“ ืื™ื‘ื™ ื“ื•ื“ืƒ ื™ื– ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื‘ื™ืข ืืช ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืื”ื‘ืชื• ืืชื•; ื›ื™ ืื”ื‘ืช ื ืคืฉื• ืื”ื‘ื•ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ืคืจืง ื›

ื“ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืœื• ื”ืžืœืš ืื™ืคื” ื”ื•ื; ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืฆื™ื‘ื ืืœ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ืžื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืขืžื™ืืœ ื‘ืœื• ื“ื‘ืจืƒ ื” ื•ื™ืฉืœื— ื”ืžืœืš ื“ื•ื“; ื•ื™ืงื—ื”ื• ืžื‘ื™ืช ืžื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืขืžื™ืืœ ืžืœื• ื“ื‘ืจืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื˜

Now ืžืคื™ื‘ืฉืช is in hiding, which is rational given what happened to his uncle ืื™ืฉ ื‘ื•ืฉืช:

ื– ื•ื™ื‘ืื• ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื˜ืชื• ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืžืฉื›ื‘ื• ื•ื™ื›ื”ื• ื•ื™ืžืชื”ื• ื•ื™ืกื™ืจื• ืืช ืจืืฉื•; ื•ื™ืงื—ื• ืืช ืจืืฉื• ื•ื™ืœื›ื• ื“ืจืš ื”ืขืจื‘ื” ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื”ืƒ ื— ื•ื™ื‘ืื• ืืช ืจืืฉ ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉืช ืืœ ื“ื•ื“ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ืืœ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื ื” ืจืืฉ ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉืช ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœ ืื™ื‘ืš ืืฉืจ ื‘ืงืฉ ืืช ื ืคืฉืš; ื•ื™ืชืŸ ื”ืณ ืœืื“ื ื™ ื”ืžืœืš ื ืงืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืžืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืžื–ืจืขื•ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื“

And thatโ€™s how the family of kings was usually treated when a new king came to power:

ื‘ืขืช ืฉื’ื‘ืจื” ื™ื“ ื“ื•ื“ ื™ืจืื• ืœื ืคืฉื ืคืŸ ื™ื”ืจื’ื ื›ื“ืจืš ืžืœื›ื™ ืงื“ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืืฃ ืืช ืื—ื™ื”ื ื‘ืœ ื™ืžืจื“ื• ื•ืžื›ืณืณืฉ ื–ืจืข ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ืชื—ื‘ืื• ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืขื“ ืฉืขืงื‘ื•ืชื ืœื ื ื•ื“ืขื•.

ืžืœื‘ื™ืดื, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื˜:ื

ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ืžื›ื™ืจ: ืžืชื—ื‘ื ืฉื.

ืžืœื‘ื™ืดื, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื˜:ื“

So why is ืฆื™ื‘ื betraying him? It might be that David is trustworthy, but in fact ืฆื™ื‘ื is a rather unsavory character, as we see during Avshalomโ€™s rebellion, when ืžืคื™ื‘ืฉืช is living in Jerusalem:

ื ื•ื“ื•ื“ ืขื‘ืจ ืžืขื˜ ืžื”ืจืืฉ ื•ื”ื ื” ืฆื™ื‘ื ื ืขืจ ืžืคื™ื‘ืฉืช ืœืงืจืืชื•; ื•ืฆืžื“ ื—ืžืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžืืชื™ื ืœื—ื ื•ืžืื” ืฆืžื•ืงื™ื ื•ืžืื” ืงื™ืฅ ื•ื ื‘ืœ ื™ื™ืŸืƒ ื‘ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืžืœืš ืืœ ืฆื™ื‘ื ืžื” ืืœื” ืœืš; ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืฆื™ื‘ื ื”ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืœืš ืœืจื›ื‘ ื•ืœื”ืœื—ื (ื•ื”ืœื—ื) ื•ื”ืงื™ืฅ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื”ื ืขืจื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื™ืขืฃ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจืƒ ื’ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืžืœืš ื•ืื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ื™ืš; ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืฆื™ื‘ื ืืœ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื ื” ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื ื›ื™ ืืžืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื• ืœื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช ืื‘ื™ืƒ ื“ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืžืœืš ืœืฆื‘ื ื”ื ื” ืœืš ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืœืžืคื™ื‘ืฉืช; ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืฆื™ื‘ื ื”ืฉืชื—ื•ื™ืชื™ ืืžืฆื ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ืš ืื“ื ื™ ื”ืžืœืšืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื˜ื–

After the rebellion is suppressed and Avshalom is dead, David returns to Jerusalem:

ื›ื” ื•ืžืคื‘ืฉืช ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœ ื™ืจื“ ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืžืœืš; ื•ืœื ืขืฉื” ืจื’ืœื™ื• ื•ืœื ืขืฉื” ืฉืคืžื• ื•ืืช ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื• ืœื ื›ื‘ืก ืœืžืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื›ืช ื”ืžืœืš ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืืฉืจ ื‘ื ื‘ืฉืœื•ืืƒ ื›ื• ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืžืœืš; ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืœื• ื”ืžืœืš ืœืžื” ืœื ื”ืœื›ืช ืขืžื™ ืžืคื™ื‘ืฉืชืƒ ื›ื– ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืื“ื ื™ ื”ืžืœืš ืขื‘ื“ื™ ืจืžื ื™; ื›ื™ ืืžืจ ืขื‘ื“ืš ืื—ื‘ืฉื” ืœื™ ื”ื—ืžื•ืจ ื•ืืจื›ื‘ ืขืœื™ื” ื•ืืœืš ืืช ื”ืžืœืš ื›ื™ ืคืกื— ืขื‘ื“ืšืƒ ื›ื— ื•ื™ืจื’ืœ ื‘ืขื‘ื“ืš ืืœ ืื“ื ื™ ื”ืžืœืš; ื•ืื“ื ื™ ื”ืžืœืš ื›ืžืœืืš ื”ืืœืงื™ื ื•ืขืฉื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ืšืƒ ื›ื˜ ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ ื›ื™ ืื ืื ืฉื™ ืžื•ืช ืœืื“ื ื™ ื”ืžืœืš ื•ืชืฉืช ืืช ืขื‘ื“ืš ื‘ืื›ืœื™ ืฉืœื—ื ืš; ื•ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืขื•ื“ ืฆื“ืงื” ื•ืœื–ืขืง ืขื•ื“ ืืœ ื”ืžืœืšืƒ

ืœ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืœื• ื”ืžืœืš ืœืžื” ืชื“ื‘ืจ ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ืš; ืืžืจืชื™ ืืชื” ื•ืฆื™ื‘ื ืชื—ืœืงื• ืืช ื”ืฉื“ื”ืƒ ืœื ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืžืคื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืœ ื”ืžืœืš ื’ื ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ื™ืงื—; ืื—ืจื™ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื ืื“ื ื™ ื”ืžืœืš ื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืืœ ื‘ื™ืชื•ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื™ื˜

ื ื™ื›ืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื›ื™ ืขื‘ื“ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืงืจ, ื›ื™ ื”ืจืื™ื” ืžืžื” ืฉืœื ื”ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืฆืจืชื•, ื ืจืื” ืฉืงืจื•ืชื” ืžืžื” ืฉืœื ืขืฉื” ืฉืขืจ ืจื’ืœื™ื• ื•ืฉืคืžื• ื•ืœื ื›ื‘ืก ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื• ืžื™ื•ื ืœื›ืช ื”ืžืœืš ืขื“ ืฉื•ื‘ื•, ื›ื™ ื”ืชืื‘ืœ ื•ื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืขืœ ืฆืจืช ืื“ื•ื ื™ื•โ€ฆ

ืžืœื‘ื™ืดื, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื™ื˜:ื›ื”

But David doesnโ€™t know this now, and he finds ืžืคื™ื‘ืฉืช, and (fortunately for ืžืคื™ื‘ืฉืช) David in fact means it when he said ืืขืฉื” ืขืžื• ื—ืกื“:

ื• ื•ื™ื‘ื ืžืคื™ื‘ืฉืช ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœ ืืœ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื™ืคืœ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื• ื•ื™ืฉืชื—ื•; ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืžืคื™ื‘ืฉืช ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ื ื” ืขื‘ื“ืšืƒ ื– ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืœื• ื“ื•ื“ ืืœ ืชื™ืจื ื›ื™ ืขืฉื” ืืขืฉื” ืขืžืš ื—ืกื“ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ืื‘ื™ืš ื•ื”ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืš ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉื“ื” ืฉืื•ืœ ืื‘ื™ืš; ื•ืืชื” ืชืื›ืœ ืœื—ื ืขืœ ืฉืœื—ื ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ืƒ ื— ื•ื™ืฉืชื—ื• ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืžื” ืขื‘ื“ืš; ื›ื™ ืคื ื™ืช ืืœ ื”ื›ืœื‘ ื”ืžืช ืืฉืจ ื›ืžื•ื ื™ืƒ ื˜ ื•ื™ืงืจื ื”ืžืœืš ืืœ ืฆื™ื‘ื ื ืขืจ ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืืœื™ื•; ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืœื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืชื• ื ืชืชื™ ืœื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ื™ืšืƒ ื™ ื•ืขื‘ื“ืช ืœื• ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ืืชื” ื•ื‘ื ื™ืš ื•ืขื‘ื“ื™ืš ื•ื”ื‘ืืช ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ื™ืš ืœื—ื ื•ืื›ืœื• ื•ืžืคื™ื‘ืฉืช ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ื™ืš ื™ืื›ืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื—ื ืขืœ ืฉืœื—ื ื™; ื•ืœืฆื™ื‘ื ื—ืžืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืขืฉืจื™ื ืขื‘ื“ื™ืืƒ ื™ื ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืฆื™ื‘ื ืืœ ื”ืžืœืš ื›ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆื•ื” ืื“ื ื™ ื”ืžืœืš ืืช ืขื‘ื“ื• ื›ืŸ ื™ืขืฉื” ืขื‘ื“ืš; ื•ืžืคื™ื‘ืฉืช ืื›ืœ ืขืœ ืฉืœื—ื ื™ ื›ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืœืšืƒ ื™ื‘ ื•ืœืžืคื™ื‘ืฉืช ื‘ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ืฉืžื• ืžื™ื›ื; ื•ื›ืœ ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืžืคื™ื‘ืฉืชืƒ ื™ื’ ื•ืžืคื™ื‘ืฉืช ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื ื›ื™ ืขืœ ืฉืœื—ืŸ ื”ืžืœืš ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ืื›ืœ; ื•ื”ื•ื ืคืกื— ืฉืชื™ ืจื’ืœื™ื•ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื˜

And so the story ends. Next chapter starts the war with Amon and the saga of Bat Sheva.


Two questions come to mind: first, when does this take place? Thereโ€™s no โ€œืื—ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”โ€. How does it fit in the context, the ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืจืฉื•ืช and the summary of Davidโ€™s kingdom of the previous perek, and the war with Amon in the next? Second, why is David looking for Saulโ€™s survivors? ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืฉืื•ืœ sounds very omnious.

My answer is based on an amazing shiur by Rabbi Calman Weinreb, 10th grade rebbi at Ner Yisrael, which is itself based on a sermon by Rabbi Yehonasan Eybeschutz.

First two aggadot:

ื—ืฆื•ืช ืœื™ืœื” ืืงื•ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืš; ืขืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืฆื“ืงืšืƒ

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืงื™ื˜:ืกื‘

ืงื“ืžืชื™ ื‘ื ืฉืฃ ื•ืืฉื•ืขื”; ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ืš (ืœื“ื‘ืจืš) ื™ื—ืœืชื™ืƒ

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืงื™ื˜:ืงืžื–

ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ืื—ื ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื–ื ื ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื—ืกื™ื“ื: ื›ื ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืžื˜ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“, ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื—ืฆื•ืช ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ื ืจื•ื— ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื• ื•ืžื ื’ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•, ืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ื•ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืขื“ ืฉืขืœื” ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื—ืจ. ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืœื” ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื—ืจ ื ื›ื ืกื• ื—ื›ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืฆืœื•, ืืžืจื• ืœื•: ืื“ื•ื ื™ื ื• ื”ืžืœืš, ืขืžืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ืŸ ืคืจื ืกื”. ืืžืจ ืœื”ื: ืœื›ื• ื•ื”ืชืคืจื ืกื• ื–ื” ืžื–ื”. ืืžืจื• ืœื•: ืื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืžืฅ ืžืฉื‘ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืืจื™ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืชืžืœื ืžื—ื•ืœื™ืชื•. ืืžืจ ืœื”ื: ืœื›ื• ื•ืคืฉื˜ื• ื™ื“ื™ื›ื ื‘ื’ื“ื•ื“. ืžื™ื“ ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื ื‘ืื—ื™ืชื•ืคืœ ื•ื ืžืœื›ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ, ื•ืฉื•ืืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืจื™ื ื•ืชื•ืžื™ื.

ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื’,ื‘

The trouble with Socialism is that eventually you run out of other peopleโ€™s money.

Margaret Thatcher

So we have a story that seems to take place regularly: ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ื•ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืขื“ ืฉืขืœื” ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื—ืจ. What was going on that the ื—ื›ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ came to ask ืคืจื ืกื” every morning?

Another aggadah:

ื•ื”ื ื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ืชื™ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืณ ื–ื”ื‘ ื›ื›ืจื™ื ืžืื” ืืœืฃ ื•ื›ืกืฃ ืืœืฃ ืืœืคื™ื ื›ื›ืจื™ื ื•ืœื ื—ืฉืช ื•ืœื‘ืจื–ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืงืœ ื›ื™ ืœืจื‘ ื”ื™ื”; ื•ืขืฆื™ื ื•ืื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ืชื™ ื•ืขืœื™ื”ื ืชื•ืกื™ืฃืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื›ื‘:ื™ื“

ื ืืžืจ (ื•ืื ื™) [ื•ื”ื ื”] ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ืชื™ ื•ื’ื•ืณ, ื•ื›ื™ ืขื ื™ ืžืงื“ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื›ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ื›ืกืฃ, ืืœื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื”ืจื’ ื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื›ื• ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื•ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ื›ืฉื‘ื ืจืขื‘ ืฉืœืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืงืฉื• ืžืžื ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื™ืชืŸ ื•ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื›ืœื•ื, ืืžืจ ืœื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืœื ืงื‘ืœืช ืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื• ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื ื‘ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ืš ืืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœืžื”, ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืณ ืืœ ื ืชืŸ ืœืืžืจ ืœืš ื•ืืžืจืช ื•ื’ื•ืณ ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆื ืžืžืขื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื™ื‘ื ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืœืฉืžื™.

ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ ืจื•ืช ืจืžื– ืชืจื’

Weโ€™ve quoted this before, the idea that David was so focused on building the ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ that he wouldnโ€™t use the funds that he had dedicate for it for any other purpose, even when people were starving. When was this ืจืขื‘ ืฉืœืฉ ืฉื ื™ื? It is described in ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื›ื, but without any specific dates. This perek is an appendix, a story that happened ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื“ื•ื“:

ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืจืขื‘ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืœืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื” ื•ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืณ;
ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืณ ืืœ ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื™ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ืขื ื™ืืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื›ื:ื

ื•ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืณ ืžืื™ ื”ื™ื? ืืžืจ ืจื™ืฉ ืœืงื™ืฉ ืฉืฉืืœ ื‘ืื•ืจื™ื ื•ืชื•ืžื™ื.

ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืขื—,ื‘

We will look at what ื”ืณ's answer means later. But Rabbi Eybeschutz connects these two stories with the stories of Davidโ€™s ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืจืฉื•ืช, and thus ืคืจืง ื— with the beginning of ืคืจืง ื›ื:

ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ื—ื–ืดืœ ื›ืฉืขืœื” ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื—ืจ ื ื›ื ืกื• ื—ื›ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื“ื•ื“ โ€ืขืžืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ืŸ ืคืจื ืกื”โ€œ. ืืžืจ โ€ืคืฉื˜ื• ื™ื“ื™ื›ื ื‘ื’ื“ื•ื“โ€œ. ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืžื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืจื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ืŸ ืคืจื ืกื”. ืื‘ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ: โ€ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ืชื™ ืืœืฃ ืืœืคื™ื ื“ื™ื ืจื™ ื–ื”ื‘โ€œ. ื•ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืขื ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืœืฃ ืืœืคื™ื ื“ื™ื ืจื™ ื–ื”ื‘? ืืœื ื›ืฉื”ืจื’ ืœื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื›ื• ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื–ื”ื‘, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืจื™ืฉืŸ ืœื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืžืดืง. ื•ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจืขื‘ ื‘ืืจืฅ ืœื ืคืชื— ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืœื›ืœื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื™ื. ื•ืœื›ืš ืงืฆืฃ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืฉื ื•ืืžืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฆื“ืงื” ืžื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ. ื•ืœื›ืš ืืชื” ืœื ืชื‘ื ื” ื•ื’ื•ืณ. ื•ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื ืฉื‘ืงืฉื• ืฉื™ืชืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื–ื”ื› ื”ื”ื•ื, ื•ืœื›ืš ืืžืจื• ืœื• ืขืžืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ืŸ ืคืจื ืกื” ื•ืคืชื— ื•ืชืŸ. ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืืŸ ืœืชืช ื•ืฆื•ื” ืœื”ืœื—ื. ื•ืืดื› ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืจืฉื•ืช ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืคืจื ืกืช ืขื ื™ื™ื, ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืงืŸ ื‘ืคืชื—ื• ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืณ. ื•ื–ื”ื• ืคื™ืณ ื”ืคืกื•ืง โ€ื“ืžื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืคื›ืชโ€œ ื›ื™ ืœึธื—ึทืžึฐืชึผึธ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืจืฉื•ืช ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœืš ืœืคืจื ืก ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ืืช ืงืžืฆืช ื‘ืฉืœืš ื‘ืฆื“ืงื”. ื•ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืขื˜ื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืจืขื‘ ืขื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืžื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืš ืกื‘ืœื• ื“ื•ื—ืง ื•ืœื—ืฅ. ื•ืœื›ืš ืืชื” ืœื ืชื‘ื ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื™ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ืณ ืฆื“ืงื” ืžื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช, ื•ืœื›ืš ืืžืจืชื™ ื“ืจืš ื”ืœืฆื” (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื•:ื”) โ€ื•ืื›ืœืชื ืœื—ืžื›ื ืœืฉื•ื‘ืขโ€ฆื•ื ืชืชื™ ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืืจืฅโ€œ ื›ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคืจื ืกื” ืคืฉื˜ื• ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ื‘ื’ื“ื•ื“. ื•ื–ืดื ื•ืื›ืœืชื ืœื—ืžื›ื ืœืฉื•ื‘ืข ืฉืœื ื™ื—ืกืจ ืœื—ืžื›ื ืืดื› ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื ืชืชื™ ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืืจืฅ. ืื›ืœ ื ืฉืžืข ืžื–ื” ื›ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฆื“ืงื” ืžื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืช ื”ืณ.

ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ืื™ื‘ืฉื™ืฅ, ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื“ื‘ืฉ ื‘ืณ

So if the three years famine of ืคืจืง ื›ื was during the time of the wars of ืคืจืง ื—, then the aftermath of the famine corresponds to ืคืจืง ื˜, our perek.

ื ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืจืขื‘ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืœืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื” ื•ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืณ;
ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืณ ืืœ ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื™ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ืขื ื™ืืƒ ื‘ ื•ื™ืงืจื ื”ืžืœืš ืœื’ื‘ืขื ื™ื ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืืœื™ื”ื; ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืขื ื™ื ืœื ืžื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžื” ื›ื™ ืื ืžื™ืชืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืฉื‘ืขื• ืœื”ื ื•ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืฉืื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ืชื ื‘ืงื ืืชื• ืœื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”ืƒ ื’ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืขื ื™ื ืžื” ืืขืฉื” ืœื›ื; ื•ื‘ืžื” ืื›ืคืจ ื•ื‘ืจื›ื• ืืช ื ื—ืœืช ื”ืณืƒ ื“ ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ืœื• ื”ื’ื‘ืขื ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ (ืœื ื•) ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื–ื”ื‘ ืขื ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืขื ื‘ื™ืชื• ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืื™ืฉ ืœื”ืžื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืžื” ืืชื ืืžืจื™ื ืืขืฉื” ืœื›ืืƒ ื” ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ืืœ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืื™ืฉ ืืฉืจ ื›ืœื ื• ื•ืืฉืจ ื“ืžื” ืœื ื•; ื ืฉืžื“ื ื• ืžื”ืชื™ืฆื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ื’ื‘ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœืƒ ื• ื™ื ืชืŸ (ื™ื•ืชืŸ ) ืœื ื• ืฉื‘ืขื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ื• ื•ื”ื•ืงืขื ื•ื ืœื”ืณ ื‘ื’ื‘ืขืช ืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจ ื”ืณ;
ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืžืœืš ืื ื™ ืืชืŸืƒ ื– ื•ื™ื—ืžืœ ื”ืžืœืš ืขืœ ืžืคื™ื‘ืฉืช ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœ; ืขืœ ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืณ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื ืชื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœืƒ ื— ื•ื™ืงื— ื”ืžืœืš ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืจืฆืคื” ื‘ืช ืื™ื” ืืฉืจ ื™ืœื“ื” ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืืจืžื ื™ ื•ืืช ืžืคื‘ืฉืช; ื•ืืช ื—ืžืฉืช ื‘ื ื™ ืžื™ื›ืœ ื‘ืช ืฉืื•ืœ ืืฉืจ ื™ืœื“ื” ืœืขื“ืจื™ืืœ ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื–ืœื™ ื”ืžื—ืœืชื™ืƒ ื˜ ื•ื™ืชื ื ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ื’ื‘ืขื ื™ื ื•ื™ืงื™ืขื ื‘ื”ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืณ ื•ื™ืคืœื• ืฉื‘ืขืชื™ื (ืฉื‘ืขืชื) ื™ื—ื“; ื•ื”ื (ื•ื”ืžื”) ื”ืžืชื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืงืฆื™ืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื ื™ื ืชื—ืœืช (ื‘ืชื—ืœืช) ืงืฆื™ืจ ืฉืขืจื™ืืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื›ื

Again, the dates are not explicit, and there are different opinions in ื—ื–ืดืœ.

ืจืณ ืคื ื—ืก ืื•ืžืจ (ืฉืœืฉ ืฉื ื™ื) [ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื”] ืฉื ื”ืจื’ ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื• ื‘ื ืจืขื‘ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืœืฉื” ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจ ืฉื ื”, ืฉื ืณ ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืจืขื‘ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืœืฉ ืฉื ื™ื.

The bracketed text is in the hebrewbooks.com edition, which makes more sense to me.

ืคืจืงื™ ื“ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ (ื”ื™ื’ืจ)โ€”โ€ื—ื•ืจื‘โ€œ ืคืจืง ื™ื–

โ€ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืจืขื‘ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืœืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจ ืฉื ื”โ€œ. ืฉื ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ืฉืžื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ (ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื) [ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”] ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ื ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื) โ€ื•ืขื‘ื“ืชื ืืœื”ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืชื—ื•ื™ืชื ืœื”ื ื•ืขืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื˜ืจ ื•ื’ื•ืณโ€œ? ื‘ื“ืงื• ื•ืœื ืžืฆืื•. ืฉื ื™ื” ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ืฉืžื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ื ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื’) โ€ื•ื™ืžื ืขื• ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืœืงื•ืฉ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื•ืžืฆื— ืืฉื” ื–ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืš ื•ื’ื•ืณโ€œ? ื‘ื“ืงื• ื•ืœื ืžืฆืื•. ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ืฉืžื ืคื•ืกืงื™ ืฆื“ืงื” ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ืชื ื™ืŸ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืžืฉืœื™ ื›ื”) โ€ื ืฉื™ืื™ื ื•ืจื•ื— ื•ื’ืฉื ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืžืชื”ืœืœ ื‘ืžืชืช ืฉืงืจโ€œ? ื‘ื“ืงื• ื•ืœื ืžืฆืื•. ืืžืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืชืœื•ื™ ืืœื ื‘ื™.

ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืขื—,ื‘

They narrow the problem down to one of ืฆื“ืงื”, and then to David himself. And the problem is ืืœ ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื™ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ืขื ื™ื. Who were the ื’ื‘ืขื ื™ื?

ื›ื• ื•ื™ืขืฉ ืœื”ื ื›ืŸ; ื•ื™ืฆืœ ืื•ืชื ืžื™ื“ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœื ื”ืจื’ื•ืืƒ ื›ื– ื•ื™ืชื ื ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ื—ื˜ื‘ื™ ืขืฆื™ื ื•ืฉืื‘ื™ ืžื™ื ืœืขื“ื”; ื•ืœืžื–ื‘ื— ื”ืณ ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืืฉืจ ื™ื‘ื—ืจืƒ

ื™ื”ื•ืฉื•ืข ืคืจืง ื˜

But if they were the hewers of wood and the drawers of water ืœืžื–ื‘ื— ื”ืณ, then when did Saul kill them? We have no record in ืชื ืดืš. Rashi speculates:

ืขืœ ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื™ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื: ื›ืฉื”ืจื’ ื ื•ื‘ ืขื™ืจ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื”ืžื™ืช ืžื”ื ื–ืณ ืฉื ื™ ื—ื•ื˜ื‘ื™ ืขืฆื™ื ื•ืฉื ื™ ืฉื•ืื‘ื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืฉืžืฉ ื•ื—ื–ืŸ ื•ืกื•ืคืจ ื›ืš ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ื’ืžืจื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ืช ื‘ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ, ื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืืžืจื• ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื”ืจื’ ืืช ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืกืคื™ืงื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœื” ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ืืœื• ื”ืžื™ืชื.

ืจืฉืดื™, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื›ื:ื

(We will look at Rashiโ€™s second opinion shortly)

Malbim is bothered by this; why should all of the people suffer for Saulโ€™s sin, and why should be punishment be in the time of David? He says the problem started under Saul, but the injustice continued:

ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ืื—ืจื™ ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื ืžืฆืื• ืื– ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื ื•ื‘, ืฉืขื–ืดื ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื™ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื, ืฉืคืš ืฉืื•ืœ ื›ืืฉ ื—ืžืชื• ื’ื ืขืœ ื™ืชืจ ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืขืจื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืฆื•ื” ืœื›ืœื•ืชื ืื• ืœื’ืจืฉื ืžืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื—ืฉื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ื™ ื™ื“ื ืขื ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื, ื›ื™ ื”ื ืžืฉืจืชื™ ื”ืžื–ื‘ื— ื•ื›ื”ื ื™ ื”ืณ. ื•ื”ื’ื ืฉื ืฉื‘ืข ืœื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืชื, ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื™ ื”ื ื”ืคืจื• ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžื” ืฉืžืจื“ื• ื‘ืžืœืšโ€ฆื•ืขื–ืดื ื•ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืฉืื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ื•ืชื ื‘ืงื ืืชื• ืœื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. ื•ื”ื’ื ืฉืœื ืงืžื” ืขืฆืชื•, ื‘ื›ืดื– ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืชื ื• ืœื”ืคืงืจ, ื•ืขืฉื• ื‘ื ืื™ืฉ ื”ื™ืฉืจ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•, ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื‘ื– ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืฆื™ืœ, ื’ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืžื’ื•ืจืฉื™ื, ืฉืขื–ืดื ื•ืืฉืจ ื“ืžื” ืœื ื• ื•ื ืฉืžื“ื ื• ืžื”ืชื™ืฆื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฆื•ื’ื ืขืช ืฉืžืœืš ื“ื•ื“ ืœื ืฉืžื• ืขืœ ืœื‘ื ืœืชืงืŸ ื”ืขื•ื•ืช ื”ื–ื”โ€ฆื•ืขืดื› ื—ืจื” ืืฃ ื”ืณ ื‘ืขืžื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื“ื•ื“.

ืžืœื‘ื™ืดื, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื›ื:ื

ืจื‘ื™ ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืจืžื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง
ืขื™ืงืจ ืื•ื•ืชื ื˜ื™ื [peak of the famine] ืฉืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืืœื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืฉืื•ืœ, ืืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉืื•ืœ
ื’ืจื•ืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืงืžื” [of weak character; lit. shoot of a sycamore] ื’ืœื’ืœื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื“ื•ื“. ืžืชืœื ืืžืจื™ืŸ,
ืฉื™ืœื• ื—ื˜ื ื•ื™ื•ื—ื ื ืžืฉืชืœืžื [the proverb is, Shiloh sinned and Yohana paid]โ€ฆ
ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื” ืžืฉืœ ืœื–ื’ื’ [glazier] ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืงื•ืคื” ืžืœื™ืื” ื›ื•ืกื•ืช
ื•ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืจื•ื˜ื™ืŸ [crystal], ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœืชืœื•ืช ืืช ืงื•ืคืชื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ืชื“ ื•ืชืงืขื” ื•ื ืชืœื” ื‘ื” ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ืชื•ืœื” ืงื•ืคืชื•, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืœื ื‘ืื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฉืคื•ืคื™ื ืืœื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื’ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืŸ.

ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ื” (ื•ื™ืœื ื) ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืคืจืฉื” ื›ื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ื’

The sin of the Givonim started in the days of Saul. Whether they were literally killed or simply impoverished, we donโ€™t know. But the oppression of the Givonim continued through the start of Davidโ€™s reign, and it reached a point that ื”ืณ punished Israel with a famine. Now it wasnโ€™t just the outcasts, the strangers, who were suffering, but all the people. And still David missed the point, not opening his storehouses of gold and silver but instead encouraging more war, until he finally said, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืชืœื•ื™ ืืœื ื‘ื™. What is happening is the very antithesis of ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืขืฉื” ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืฆื“ืงื” ืœื›ืœ ืขืžื•. So David tries to make amends. I will give David the benefit of the doubt and assume that he believed them when they said ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืื™ืฉ ืœื”ืžื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, that they would only humiliate Saulโ€™s family. The fact that they killed them had consequences, and we will deal with that when we learn ืคืจืง ื›ื inside. But now, the injustice reached the point that ื”ืณ required drastic action:

ื•ืืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื™ืช ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉืื•ืœ ืฉื”ืžื™ืช ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื? ืืœื ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื”ืจื’ ื ื•ื‘ ืขื™ืจ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืกืคื™ืงื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืžื™ื ื•ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืžืขืœื” ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืจื’ืŸโ€ฆ(ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื›ื) ื•ื™ืงืจื ื”ืžืœืš ืœื’ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ืโ€ฆืžื™ืคื™ื™ืก ื•ืœื ืคื™ื™ืกื™ื ื”ื•โ€ฆื•ื”ื ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื“) ืœื ื™ื•ืžืชื• ืื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื’ื•ืณ? ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจ ืื‘ื ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉืชืขืงืจ ืื•ืช ืื—ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืืœ ื™ืชื—ืœืœ ืฉื ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ืคืจื”ืกื™ืโ€ฆืฉื”ื™ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื” ื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืœื•? ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ื ื™ ืžืœื›ื™ื ื”ื! ื•ืžื” ืขืฉื•? ืคืฉื˜ื• ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ื‘ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืจื•ืจื™ื. ืืžืจื• ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืื•ืžื” ืฉืจืื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื” ื›ื–ื•โ€”ื•ืžื” ื‘ื ื™ ืžืœื›ื™ื ื›ืš ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ืื—ืช ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื”, ื•ืžื” ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืจื•ืจื™ื ื›ืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ืื—ืช ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื”! ืžื™ื“ ื ืชื•ืกืคื• ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืื” ื•ื—ืžืฉื™ื ืืœืฃ.

ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืขื—,ื‘-ืขื˜,ื

The shock of the famine and its consequence marked the turn of Davidโ€™s kingdom from ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืจืฉื•ืช and conquest to ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืฆื“ืงื”.


And the Givonim? David restored their hereditary role:

ืžื’ ื”ื ืชื™ื ื™ื; ื‘ื ื™ ืฆื™ื—ื ื‘ื ื™ ื—ืฉื•ืคื ื‘ื ื™ ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืชืƒ โ€ฆ ื ื— ื›ืœ ื”ื ืชื™ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืขื‘ื“ื™ ืฉืœืžื”; ืฉืœืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืชืฉืขื™ื ื•ืฉื ื™ืืƒ

ืขื–ืจื ื‘:ืžื’

ื”ื ืชื™ื ื™ื:ื”ื ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื ื•ื ืงืจืื• ื ืชื™ื ื™ื ืขืดืฉ ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ื โ€ื•ื™ืชื ื ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื—ื•ื˜ื‘ื™ ืขืฆื™ื ื•ื’ื•ืณโ€œ.

ืžืฆื•ื“ืช ื“ื•ื“, ืฉื

ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื ืชื™ื ื™ื ืฉื ืชืŸ ื“ื•ื™ื“ ื•ื”ืฉืจื™ื ืœืขื‘ื“ืช ื”ืœื•ื™ื ื ืชื™ื ื™ื ืžืืชื™ื ื•ืขืฉืจื™ื; ื›ืœื ื ืงื‘ื• ื‘ืฉืžื•ืชืƒ

ืขื–ืจื ื—:ื›

ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื ืชื™ื ื™ื: ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื ืชื™ื ื™ื ืฉื ืชืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ื•ืฉืจื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœื• ืขืžื”ื.

ืจืฉืดื™, ืขื–ืจื ื—:ื›

So what about our perek? I would argue that the entire story, of ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืฉืื•ืœ; ื•ืืขืฉื” ืขืžื• ื—ืกื“ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ through ื•ืžืคื™ื‘ืฉืช ืื›ืœ ืขืœ ืฉืœื—ื ื™ ื›ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืœืš is actually contained in the one pasuk of ื•ื™ื—ืžืœ ื”ืžืœืš ืขืœ ืžืคื™ื‘ืฉืช ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœ; ืขืœ ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืณ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื ืชื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœ in the story of the Givonim. David is seeking out the descendants of Saul because the Givonim demanded them. Clearly David knew about the others, so it makes no sense to ask ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืฉืื•ืœ. But that pasuk should be read as in the JPS:

David inquired, โ€œIs there anyone still left of the House of Saul with whom I can keep faith, for the sake of Jonathan?โ€

II Samuel 9:1, 1985 JPS translation

He knows he is betraying the House of Saul and wants to find one with whom he can fulfill his oath with Jonathan. He saves ืžืคื™ื‘ืฉืช while sacrificing the rest of his family.


So the story of ืžืคื™ื‘ืฉืช is on the surface a heartwarming vignette, and on a deeper look a horrifying tale of revenge, and in the end is a profound lesson to David. ื—ื–ืดืœ say that David called ืžืคื™ื‘ืฉืช,โ€Ž ืžืคื™ื‘ืฉืช ืจื‘ื™, my teacher:

ื ืชืคืœื” ืœื“ื•ื“;
ื”ื˜ื” ื”ืณ ืื–ื ืš ืขื ื ื™ ื›ื™ ืขื ื™ ื•ืื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ืื ื™ืƒ
ื‘ ืฉืžืจื” ื ืคืฉื™ ื›ื™ ื—ืกื™ื“ ืื ื™;
ื”ื•ืฉืข ืขื‘ื“ืš ืืชื” ืืœืงื™ ื”ื‘ื•ื˜ื— ืืœื™ืšืƒ

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ืคื•

ืœื“ื•ื“ ืฉืžืจื” ื ืคืฉื™ ื›ื™ ื—ืกื™ื“ ืื ื™: ืœื•ื™ ื•ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง. ื—ื“ ืืžืจ: ื›ืš ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื: ืจื‘ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื! ืœื ื—ืกื™ื“ ืื ื™? ืฉื›ืœ ืžืœื›ื™ ืžื–ืจื— ื•ืžืขืจื‘ ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉืœืฉ ืฉืขื•ืช, ื•ืื ื™ ื—ืฆื•ืช ืœื™ืœื” ืืงื•ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืš. ื•ืื™ื“ืš: ื›ืš ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื: ืจื‘ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื, ืœื ื—ืกื™ื“ ืื ื™? ืฉื›ืœ ืžืœื›ื™ ืžื–ืจื— ื•ืžืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืื’ื•ื“ื•ืช ืื’ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื, ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืœื•ื›ืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื ื•ื‘ืฉืคื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืฉืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ื”ืจ ืืฉื” ืœื‘ืขืœื”. ื•ืœื ืขื•ื“: ืืœื ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืื ื™ ื ืžืœืš ื‘ืžืคื™ื‘ืฉืช ืจื‘ื™, ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืœื•: ืžืคื™ื‘ืฉืช ืจื‘ื™! ื™ืคื” ื“ื ืชื™, ื™ืคื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืชื™? ื™ืคื” ื–ื›ื™ืชื™? ื™ืคื” ื˜ื”ืจืชื™? ื™ืคื” ื˜ืžืืชื™? ื•ืœื ื‘ื•ืฉืชื™โ€ฆ

ื•ื“ื•ื“ ืžื™ ืงืจื™ ืœื ืคืฉื™ื” ื—ืกื™ื“? ื•ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ โ€ืœื•ืœื ื”ืืžื ืชื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืณ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื—ื™ื™ืโ€œ ื•ืชื ื ืžืฉืžื™ื” ื“ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™: ืœืžื” ื ืงื•ื“ ืขืœ ืœื•ืœื? ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื: ืจื‘ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื! ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื— ืื ื™ ื‘ืš ืฉืืชื” ืžืฉืœื ืฉื›ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืื ืœืื•! - ืฉืžื ื™ื’ืจื•ื ื”ื—ื˜ื; ื›ื“ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืจ ืื™ื“ื™, ื“ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืจ ืื™ื“ื™ ืจืžื™, ื›ืชื™ื‘: ื•ื”ื ื” ืื ื›ื™ ืขืžืš ื•ืฉืžืจืชื™ืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืชืœืš ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘: ื•ื™ื™ืจื ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืื“! ืืžืจ: ืฉืžื ื™ื’ืจื•ื ื”ื—ื˜ื.

ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื“,ื

This is one of the few chapters of ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื that are called ืชืคืœื”, a prayer. David starts by declaring his virtue, that he is a ื—ืกื™ื“. One opinion is that his ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช is in his learning and ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื;โ€Ž ื—ืฆื•ืช ืœื™ืœื” ืืงื•ื. The second opinion is that his ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช is in getting his hands dirty to help others, and in his willingness to learn from others. I would propose that both are true, and that Davidโ€™s understanding of what is morally required changes.

ื’ ื—ื ื ื™ ืึพื“ื ื™; ื›ื™ ืืœื™ืš ืืงืจื ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืืƒ
ื“ ืฉืžื— ื ืคืฉ ืขื‘ื“ืš; ื›ื™ ืืœื™ืš ืึพื“ื ื™ ื ืคืฉื™ ืืฉืืƒ
ื” ื›ื™ ืืชื” ืึพื“ื ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืกืœื—; ื•ืจื‘ ื—ืกื“ ืœื›ืœ ืงืจืื™ืšืƒ
ื• ื”ืื–ื™ื ื” ื”ืณ ืชืคืœืชื™; ื•ื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืชื—ื ื•ื ื•ืชื™ืƒ
ื– ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฆืจืชื™ ืืงืจืืš; ื›ื™ ืชืขื ื ื™ืƒ

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ืคื•

That was all introduction; a piyut that ื”ืณ should hear his prayer. This perek is one of the few called ืชืคืœื” but we havenโ€™t seen any actual prayer yet. That comes next:

ื— ืื™ืŸ ื›ืžื•ืš ื‘ืืœืงื™ื ืึพื“ื ื™; ื•ืื™ืŸ ื›ืžืขืฉื™ืšืƒ
ื˜ ื›ืœ ื’ื•ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื™ืช ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ื•ื™ืฉืชื—ื•ื• ืœืคื ื™ืš ืึพื“ื ื™; ื•ื™ื›ื‘ื“ื• ืœืฉืžืšืƒ
ื™ ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืืชื” ื•ืขืฉื” ื ืคืœืื•ืช; ืืชื” ืืœืงื™ื ืœื‘ื“ืšืƒ
ื™ื ื”ื•ืจื ื™ ื”ืณ ื“ืจื›ืš ืื”ืœืš ื‘ืืžืชืš;
ื™ื—ื“ ืœื‘ื‘ื™ ืœื™ืจืื” ืฉืžืšืƒ
ื™ื‘ ืื•ื“ืš ืึพื“ื ื™ ืืœืงื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื‘ื™; ื•ืื›ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืžืš ืœืขื•ืœืืƒ

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ืคื•

Notice that this represents the classical three parts of prayer, ืฉื‘ื—,โ€Ž ื‘ืงืฉื” and ื”ื•ื“ืื”:

ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืžืฆื•ื” ื–ื• [ืชืคื™ืœื”] ื›ืš ื”ื•ื: ืฉื™ื”ื ืื“ื ืžืชื—ื ืŸ ื•ืžืชืคืœืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื, ื•ืžื’ื™ื“ ืฉื‘ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืฉื•ืืœ ืฆืจื›ื™ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ื•ื‘ืชื—ื ื”, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื ื•ืชืŸ ืฉื‘ื— ื•ื”ื•ื“ื™ื” ืœื”ืณ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืœื• ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืœืคื™ ื›ื—ื•.

ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืชืคื™ืœื”, ื:ื-ื‘

And there are really two ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช:โ€Ž ื›ืœ ื’ื•ื™ืโ€ฆื™ื‘ื•ืื• ื•ื™ืฉืชื—ื•ื• ืœืคื ื™ืš and ื”ื•ืจื ื™ ื”ืณ ื“ืจื›ืš, each preceded by a line of ืฉื‘ื—.

The hope that ื›ืœ ื’ื•ื™ืโ€ฆื•ื™ื›ื‘ื“ื• ืœืฉืžืš is really Davidโ€™s hope to build the ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ. That is the goal and the meaning of a ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ as opposed to the local ืžืฉื›ืŸ:

ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื•ืชื™ื ืืœ ื”ืจ ืงื“ืฉื™ ื•ืฉืžื—ืชื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืชืคืœืชื™ ืขื•ืœืชื™ื”ื ื•ื–ื‘ื—ื™ื”ื ืœืจืฆื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื–ื‘ื—ื™; ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืชืคืœื” ื™ืงืจื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ืืƒ

ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื ื•:ื–

And ื”ื•ืจื ื™ ื”ืณ ื“ืจื›ืš isnโ€™t really a separate thing in Davidโ€™s mind. Itโ€™s part of the one thing he wants:

ื“ ืื—ืช ืฉืืœืชื™ ืžืืช ื”ืณ ืื•ืชื” ืื‘ืงืฉ;
ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืณ ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™;
ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ื‘ื ืขื ื”ืณ ื•ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœื•ืƒ
โ€ฆื™ื ื”ื•ืจื ื™ ื”ืณ ื“ืจื›ืš; ื•ื ื—ื ื™ ื‘ืืจื— ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ืจืจื™ืƒ

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ื›ื–

The next psukim are further ื”ื•ื“ืื”, outlining the difficulties that David faces in fulfilling his desire. He has too many enemies to fight:

ื™ื’ ื›ื™ ื—ืกื“ืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขืœื™; ื•ื”ืฆืœืช ื ืคืฉื™ ืžืฉืื•ืœ ืชื—ืชื™ื”ืƒ
ื™ื“ ืืœืงื™ื ื–ื“ื™ื ืงืžื• ืขืœื™ ื•ืขื“ืช ืขืจื™ืฆื™ื ื‘ืงืฉื• ื ืคืฉื™;
ื•ืœื ืฉืžื•ืš ืœื ื’ื“ืืƒ
ื˜ื• ื•ืืชื” ืึพื“ื ื™ ืืœ ืจื—ื•ื ื•ื—ื ื•ืŸ; ืืจืš ืืคื™ื ื•ืจื‘ ื—ืกื“ ื•ืืžืชืƒ

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ืคื•

The last part is a familiar quote:

ื” ื•ื™ืจื“ ื”ืณ ื‘ืขื ืŸ ื•ื™ืชื™ืฆื‘ ืขืžื• ืฉื; ื•ื™ืงืจื ื‘ืฉื ื”ืณืƒ ื• ื•ื™ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืณ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื• ื•ื™ืงืจื ื”ืณ ื”ืณ ืึพืœ ืจื—ื•ื ื•ื—ื ื•ืŸ ืืจืš ืืคื™ื ื•ืจื‘ ื—ืกื“ ื•ืืžืชืƒ ื– ื ืฆืจ ื—ืกื“ ืœืืœืคื™ื ื ืฉื ืขื•ืŸ ื•ืคืฉืข ื•ื—ื˜ืื”; ื•ื ืงื” ืœื ื™ื ืงื” ืคืงื“ ืขื•ืŸ ืื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืœืฉื™ื ื•ืขืœ ืจื‘ืขื™ืืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืช ืคืจืง ืœื“

โ€ื•ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืณ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื• ื•ื™ืงืจืโ€œ: ืืดืจ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ: ืืœืžืœื ืžืงืจื ื›ืชื•ื‘, ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืื•ืžืจื•. ืžืœืžื“ ืฉื ืชืขื˜ืฃ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื›ืฉืœื™ื— ืฆื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืจืื” ืœื• ืœืžืฉื” ืกื“ืจ ืชืคืœื”. ืืžืจ ืœื•: ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ื•ื˜ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขืฉื• ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืกื“ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื•ืื ื™ ืžื•ื—ืœ ืœื”ื.

ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื™ื–,ื‘

Itโ€™s worth noting that the ื™ื’ ืžื™ื“ื•ืช are not some formula of theurgy that we simply say and force ื”ืณ, as it were, to help us. David only quotes some of the terms, as does Moshe himself later in the Torah:

ื™ื– ื•ืขืชื” ื™ื’ื“ืœ ื ื ื›ื— ืึพื“ื ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจืช ืœืืžืจืƒ ื™ื— ื”ืณ ืืจืš ืืคื™ื ื•ืจื‘ ื—ืกื“ ื ืฉื ืขื•ืŸ ื•ืคืฉืข; ื•ื ืงื” ืœื ื™ื ืงื” ืคืงื“ ืขื•ืŸ ืื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืœืฉื™ื ื•ืขืœ ืจื‘ืขื™ืืƒ ื™ื˜ ืกืœื— ื ื ืœืขื•ืŸ ื”ืขื ื”ื–ื” ื›ื’ื“ืœ ื—ืกื“ืš; ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืฉืืชื” ืœืขื ื”ื–ื” ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืขื“ ื”ื ื”ืƒ ื› ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืณ ืกืœื—ืชื™ ื›ื“ื‘ืจืšืƒ

ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืคืจืง ื™ื“

Thatโ€™s because ื™ืขืฉื• ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืกื“ืจ ื”ื–ื” doesnโ€™t mean โ€œsay themโ€; it means โ€œdo themโ€.

ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื ืจึธืื•ึผื™ ืฉึถืื™ึดึผืชึฐื“ึทึผืžึถึผื” ืœึฐืงื•ึนื ื•ึน ื•ึฐืึธื– ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ื‘ึฐึผืกื•ึนื“ ื”ึทืฆึผื•ึผืจึธื” ื”ึธืขึถืœึฐื™ื•ึนื ึธื” ืฆึถืœึถื ื•ึผื“ึฐืžื•ึผืชโ€ฆืœึฐืคึดื™ื›ึธืšึฐ ืจึธืื•ึผื™ ืฉึถืื™ึดึผืชึฐื“ึทึผืžึถึผื” ืึถืœ ืคึฐึผืขึปืœึผื•ึนืช ื”ึทื›ึถึผืชึถืจ ืฉึถืื”ึตืŸ ื™ืดื’ ืžึดื“ึผื•ึนืช ืฉึถืืœ ืจึทื—ึฒืžึดื™ื ืขึถืœึฐื™ื•ึนื ื•ึนืช.

ืชื•ืžืจ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื”, ืคืจืง ืืณ

And these ืžื™ื“ื•ืช are most relevent to governing society. David here acknowledges what it takes to create a ืžืžืœื›ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืฆื“ืงื”:

Our Sages call them middot (qualities), and speak of the thirteen middoth of God (Talm. B. Rosh ha-shanah, p. 17b); they used the term also in reference to manโ€ฆThey do not mean to say that God really possesses middot (qualities), but that He performs actions similar to such of our actions as originate in certain qualities, i.e., in certain psychical dispositions not that God has really such dispositions. Although Moses was shown โ€œall His goodness,โ€ i.e., all His works, only the thirteen middot are mentioned, because they include those acts of God which refer to the creation and the government of mankind, and to know these acts was the principal object of the prayer of Moses. This is shown by the conclusion of his prayer, โ€œthat I may know thee, that I may find grace in thy sight, and consider that this nation is thy peopleโ€ (Exod. 33:16), that is to say, the people whom I have to rule by certain acts in the performance of which I must be guided by Thy own acts in governing them.

Guide for the Perplexed, I:LIV

And David concludes:

ื˜ื– ืคื ื” ืืœื™ ื•ื—ื ื ื™; ืชื ื” ืขื–ืš ืœืขื‘ื“ืš; ื•ื”ื•ืฉื™ืขื” ืœื‘ืŸ ืืžืชืšืƒ
ื™ื– ืขืฉื” ืขืžื™ ืื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”;
ื•ื™ืจืื• ืฉื ืื™ ื•ื™ื‘ืฉื• ื›ื™ ืืชื” ื”ืณ ืขื–ืจืชื ื™ ื•ื ื—ืžืชื ื™ืƒ

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ืคื•

ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ืžืื™ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืคื•:ื™ื–) โ€ืขืฉื” ืขืžื™ ืื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื™ืจืื• ืฉื•ื ืื™ ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื•โ€œ? ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงื‘ืดื”: ืจื‘ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ืžื—ื•ืœ ืœื™ ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ืขื•ืŸ! ืืžืจ ืœื•: ืžื—ื•ืœ ืœืš. ืืžืจ ืœื•: ืขืฉื” ืขืžื™ ืื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™! ืืžืจ ืœื•: ื‘ื—ื™ื™ืš ืื™ื ื™ ืžื•ื“ื™ืข; ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ื ืš ืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ื™ืข. ื›ืฉื‘ื ื” ืฉืœืžื” ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืจื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืงื“ืฉื™ ื”ืงื“ืฉื™ื. ื“ื‘ืงื• ืฉืขืจื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”. ืืžืจ ืฉืœืžื” ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ืจื ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื ื ืขื ื”. ืคืชื— ื•ืืžืจ (ืชื”ืœื™ื ื›ื“:ื–) โ€ืฉืื• ืฉืขืจื™ื ืจืืฉื™ื›ื ื•ื”ื ืฉืื• ืคืชื—ื™ ืขื•ืœื ื•ื™ื‘ื ืžืœืš ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“โ€œ, ืจื”ื˜ื• ื‘ืชืจื™ื” ืœืžื™ื‘ืœืขื™ื”. ืืžืจื•: ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืžืœืš ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“? ืืžืจ ืœื”ื• (ืชื”ืœื™ื ื›ื“:ื˜): โ€ื”ืณ ืขื–ื•ื– ื•ื’ื‘ื•ืจโ€œโ€ฆื•ืœื ื ืขื ื”. ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ ื•:ืžื‘) โ€ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ื ืืœ ืชืฉื‘ ืคื ื™ ืžืฉื™ื—ืš; ื–ื›ืจื” ืœื—ืกื“ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืขื‘ื“ืšโ€œ ืžื™ื“ ื ืขื ื”. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ืฉื•ื ืื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื›ืฉื•ืœื™ ืงื“ื™ืจื” ื•ื™ื“ืขื• ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื•ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืžื—ืœ ืœื• ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ืขื•ืŸ.

ืฉื‘ืช ืœ,ื

And so this ืคืจืง ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื is a fitting coda to part two of ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ. David is a ื—ืกื™ื“ because he has learned from ืžืคื™ื‘ืฉืช; I would argue that it is that he has learned from the entire episode of ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืงื™ื ื—-ื˜. He has learned that he will not build the ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, that going to war to collect money for building the ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ is inappropriate, and that his role is to create the ืžืžืœื›ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืฆื“ืงื” that will allow his successor to build the ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ. And when it is finally built, the very gates will declare Davidโ€™s ื—ืกื“.