I associate מזמור with the ספירה of בינה, analytic wisdom, which goes with the מידה of דין. A מזמור is a psalm of ה׳'s transcendence, separation from us. Rav Hutner explains:
In other words, שיר is a celebration of אהבת ה׳; זמרה is a celebration of יראת ה׳.
And as a ספירה, a manifestation of the divine in the universe, it is connected to חסד:
נצח, as I put all this together, is the manifestation of ה׳’s חסד through intermediaries, through us. But the ספירות are supposed to be not abstract theological constructs, but inspirations for our own lives. When we do חסד, that is ה׳'s manifestation in נצח but our manifestation of חסד. Human beings manifest נצח by inspiring others to do חסד, by being leaders. Hence the term מנצח, not “victor” but “conductor”. It’s the multilevel marketing scheme of מדה development. And the connection to נצח meaning eternity, is that this ספירה represents the ultimate goal of creation.
We exist to be ה׳'s conduit for חסד, and למנצח is addressed those who would be leaders, in the terms of חז״ל, פרנסים לדור.
There is a metaphor for the ספירות as parts of the human body:
בינה is the left brain (in modern neuroanatomy, the analytical side of the brain; a fun coincidence) and נצח is the right thigh, which (in another fun coincidence) is actually controlled by the left brain (the nerve pathways cross from left to right in the medulla). למנצח מזמור is a celebration of ה׳‘s מידת הדין manifesting in human חסד. Acknowledging ה׳’s judgment allows us to be less judgmental, and appreciating ה׳'s transcendence brings us to appreciate the essential unity of all mankind.
The former is expressed in the pasuk:
And the latter is expressed in תהילים פרק ח, which we will look at later.
The first perek I want to look at is למנצח בנגינות מזמור, with three מאמרות של שבח.
נגון in my model corresponds to the מידה of גבורה:
Both מזמור and נגינות reflect the kabbalistic סִטְרָא דִשְׂמָאלָא, the “left side” of the עץ החיים, what we otherwise call ה׳'s מידת הדין, so I don’t think it changes the overall sense of the introduction of the perek.
The Radak connects this perek with the previous one:
But what makes this different from most פרקי תהילים is that he doesn’t go on to address ה׳; he is talking to his enemies. He’s acting as the מנצח, the conductor, telling them what to do:
The gemara understands that there are stages in self-improvement:
He’s not fighting his enemies; he’s offering them advice!
And then David turns back to ה׳:
This isn’t a psalm of דין, it’s one of חסד—we all will live בשלום יחדו, with שמחה בלבי.
Feivel Meltzer, in פני ספר תהלים, notes that this is a psalm of the evening: אמרו בלבבכם על משכבכם and בשלום יחדו אשכבה ואישן. The next perek is another למנצח מזמור לדוד but it is a psalm of morning: בקר אערך לך ואצפה. ספר תהילים is, at its core, the סידור of the בית המקדש, but these are almost proto-ברכות קריאת שמע.
And the evening prayer asks not for ה׳'s judgment on the רשעים, but their improvement.
This תפילת בוקר is less kumbaya than the previous one.
That’s part one. The second half of the perek returns to David’s peace of mind because ה׳ will judge his enemies. Again, ה׳‘s מידת הדין allows for human חסד.
The perek goes back and forth between the punishment of the wicked and the peace of the righteous.
And so it ends with שמחה:
And that is what I am calling a למנצח מזמור: Don’t worry, be happy. ה׳ will take care of your enemies.
פרק סד is very similar to פרק ה.
The רעיון חדש here is the emphasis on the sin of the enemy. Rashi, citing מדרש תהילים, says this perek is foreseeing Daniel in the lion’s den, after he was slandered by the other Persian satraps. Sforno says it is foreseeing Haman’s slander against the Jews. This perek is about לשון הרע.
As a תפילה, it makes a point that sometimes we cannot do a good job of praying, especially when we need to pray:
סוד here doesn’t mean “secret”; it mean “council”, as in קדושה:
But is still has the sense of “secret”, so סוד מרעים means “the conspiracy of those planning evil”. David may have had external enemies, but the internal ones were the most dangerous. We know that every nation had its favorite sin:
I can’t remember where I heard an interpretation of this Sifrei. We received the Torah because we didn’t ask, מה כתוב בה?; we said נעשה ונשמע. If we had asked, ה׳ would have told us: לא תלך רכיל בעמיך; don’t say לשון הרע. And we would have responded, כל עצמו אביהם מלשינים היה. That is our own special עברה.
David uses the metaphor of a sniper, firing arrows from hiding.
There’s a pun here (or perhaps it went with the melody) with ירה (shoot), ירא (fear) and ראה (see). They are getting things all confused; they should be seeing and fearing, not shooting. And the consequence is that ה׳ will shoot, and everyone will see and fear:
And we end as in פרק ה: the צדיק rejoices as the רשע isn’t so much punished as has to deal with the consequences of their own actions.: וַיַּכְשִׁילוּהוּ עָלֵימוֹ לְשׁוֹנָם.
The next למנצח מזמור isn’t about reward and punishment, but simply about the glory of הקב״ה and what that means for human beings.
א למנצח על הגתית מזמור לדוד׃ ב ה׳ אדנינו מה אדיר שמך בכל הארץ;
אשר תנה הודך על השמים׃
There is an inclusio here: the last pasuk is also ה׳ אדנינו; מה אדיר שמך בכל הארץ. So we would expect that the perek would be about ה׳'s אדירות. And it sort of starts that way:
“Out of the mouths of babes”. The sense here is that we need to just stop and look at the universe—כי אראה שמיך מעשה אצבעתיך—to achieve יראת ה׳.
But we can’t stop and look. As adults, we already “know” everything and never stop to think. We need to return to a “beginner’s mind”.
But then the perek changes to focus on human beings:
יראת ה׳ should lead to a sense that we are insignificant compared with הקב״ה, but we are certainly not insignificant.
The message is that we need to be partners with ה׳ in creation.
And when David ends with the same pasuk he starts with,
there is a new message. כי אראה שמיך מעשה אצבעתיך…תמשילהו במעשי ידיך. I see the wonders You have created and realize that you have put me in charge. With great power comes great responsibility.