We have looked at most of ספר תהילים though the lens of the life of David. I want to finish our study of תהילים by looking at some of the different kinds of psalms that David wrote. The gemara says that there are ten different kinds:
And the Zohar (תקוני זהר יג) has a slightly different list, and associates each type with one of the עשר ספירות, which is largely the approach I take. This is how I would like to read ספר תהילים:
מאמר של שבח
ספירה
אישור
כתר
שיר
חכמה
זמר
בינה
ברכה
חסד
נגון
גבורה
הלל
תפארת
נצוח
נצח
הודאה
הוד
רינה
יסוד
תפלה
מלכות
But Rabbi Baumol warns that we don’t really know what the titles mean.
But I am utterly unqualified and so utterly unconstrained and will look at some of the תהילים titled מזמור. I associate it with the ספירה of בינה, analytic wisdom, which goes with the מידה of דין. A מזמור is a psalm of ה׳'s trancendance, separation from us. Rav Hutner explains:
In other words,
שיר is a celebration of אהבת ה׳; זמרה is a celebration of יראת ה׳.
We talked about “שיר” in Old Wives’ Tales. Now I want to look at “מזמור”. The most well-known מזמור is תהילים פרק כט.
This may be a מזמור , a psalm of יראה, but is clearly a happy, celebratory psalm. As Dick Clark might have said, ”It’s got a good beat and you can dance to it“. It is addressed to the בני אלים, the powerful and elite. Don’t be so proud of yourselves; you need to bow to הקב״ה: השתחוו לה׳ בהדרת קדש. This introduction is borrowed from תהילים צו (which I will assume is earlier; it is one of the תהילים attributed to Moshe):
But that is a שיר (it starts שירו לה׳ שיר חדש) about all the nations singing to G-d together ((תהילים צו:יא) יִשְׂמְחוּ הַשָּׁמַיִם וְתָגֵל הָאָרֶץ), where our perek is about ה׳'s awesome power, as manifest in קול ה׳:
What is קול ה׳? There is a hint in the line וירקידם כמו עגל; לבנון ושרין כמו בן ראמים.
קול ה׳ in the world is a reference to giving the Torah.
But קול ה׳ was not a one-time event.
קול ה׳ manifests in different ways, both as קול ה׳ בכח and אליהו's קול דממה דקה
We have cited Robert Cover before:
The seven קולות represent the seven days of creation; not the creation of the physical universe, but of the normative universe. We can hear the voice of ה׳ in acting according to His rules. That voice can be overwhelming but at the same time it can only be appreciated by those who are prepared to hear it.
But this מזמור is not simply a paean to ה׳'s voice in the world. It starts with קול ה׳ על המים and ends with a reference to the flood:
We have talked about the מבול as a symbol for the chaos of a world without rules; without ה׳ as מלך לעולם, then the world drowns in the “Gossip Trap”.
And that is what it means to hear קול ה׳ על המים, that results in ה׳ יברך את עמו בשלום. If we do not listen to קול ה׳, the world drowns: ה׳ למבול ישב.
The next מזמור I want to look at is not a paean but a prayer, referring not to קול ה׳ but קולי:
And it is specifically
a תפילה to protect him from his own speech. We end our עמידה with a similar idea:
In תהילים פרק כט we concluded that the world needs ה׳‘s help to save it from itself. Here, David says he needs ה׳’s help to save himself from his own יצר הרע: תט לבי לדבר רע.
The simile that he uses is that his prayer should be like קטרת, which is the symbol of אחדות ישראל. It the opposite of לשון הרע.
לשון הרע is very seductive because it is at the basis of what makes us human: we are social primates, and our self-identity depends on what we think others think of us. Everything we do has a level of status-seeking, which is why the lawless “state of nature” is the “gossip trap”. David acknowledges that, אל תט לבי לדבר רע and prays that ובל אלחם במנעמיהם, ”Let me not eat of their sweet delicacies“.
And part of the poetry here is the sense that his language has gotten out of control. He makes up words, דל from דלת, אישים instead of אנשים, and אלחם as the verbed לחם. And then the next three psukim are, as פיבל מלצר says, “מן שפסוקים הסתומים ביותר בספר תהילים”.
So פסוק ה means, “May the righteous hit me with mercy and reproach me; may it be like oil on my head that it does not reject. Even when I am criticisized, may I not react defensively but continue my prayer to be saved from the evil I mentioned in פסוק ד”.
The next pasuk is completely mystifying. I like the way the Alshich interprets it (based on the Sifrei):
Moshe’s response after מי מריבה is an example of how to respond to criticism and punishment. שמעו אמרי כי נעמו: ה׳'s rebuke is sweet, נעים, not the לשון הרע of the רשעים, even if נפזרו עצמינו לפי שאול.
And then David ends this section with the acknowledgement that human beings are finite and mortal. The only authority is הקב״ה.
And the perek ends as it began, with a prayer to be saved from the trap of wickedness:
The next מזמור I want to look at is also a prayer, but it doesn’t really say what it is a prayer for. David asks to be saved from his enemies.
What does David mean, when he asks that ה׳ answer באמנתך? When we talk about ה׳'s אמונה, what do we mean? We mention it every morning:
Which is based on the pasuk from איכה:
ה׳ restores us every day באמונה, with faith. Rav Kook says that is ה׳'s faith in us; despite everything that we did wrong yesterday, we deserve another chance to fulfill our role in the world.
So באמנתך ענני means, “Answer me because of Your faith in me”. My problem is that I am so beaten and oppressed that I have no faith in myself.
The expression במחשכים כמתי עולם was borrowed by Yirmiyahu in איכה to illustrate the depths of despair that the Jews felt at the time of the חורבן.
And the fundamental problem is ותתעטף עלי רוחי, literally, “My spirit is folded over me”; I am so wrapped up in my problems that I can’t even think about getting out.
I can only escape by turning to You, seeing Your hand in history and praying to You:
The second half of the perek is David’s answer to his own prayer: how can I be saved? Let me learn more about You: השמיעני בבקר חסדך and הודיעני דרך זו אלך.
And to sum up: my relationship to ה׳ is (תהלים קכג:ב) כְעֵינֵי עֲבָדִים אֶל יַד אֲדוֹנֵיהֶם.
We have three models of מזמור, all expressing the infinite distance between us and הקב״ה. But that distance is not a reason to despair, because ה׳ still talks to us. Next time I would like to look at how this יראה leads to אהבה, to the model of a מזמור שיר.