We have almost completed ספר שמואל. We skipped the תהילים-like appendices, פרק כב and the first seven psukim of פרק כג.
We are going to go back now, to פרק כב, which actually is a perek of תהילים, פרק יח, with many subtle differences:
As Abarbanel puts it, this is David’s anthem:
Presumably, this was a life-long work in progress, that David wrote and re-wrote many times. Asking which of the two versions is the “real” one is meaningless.
The version in תהילים adds למנצח לעבד ה׳ לדוד. David is uniquely called עבד ה׳, because this perek isn’t really about David’s victory over his enemies; it’s about David’s victory over himself and his dedication to עבודת ה׳.
The first thing to notice is that he would sing this after each victory, but there was one victory that was different: מכף כל איביו ומכף שאול. Saul was not one of כל איביו, even as Saul sought to kill him. The gemara says that even singing about Saul’s death was a mistake:
There is a lesson here, that David’s son would learn:
But David still feels the need to celebrate when ה׳ saves him, and this song reflects that feeling. There is one other “enemy” who fits in that category: David’s son Avshalom. David never sings at Avshalom’s death, because he felt that Avshalom was a victim, not the perpetrator of the rebellion. We will look at this more later.
The midrash notes the parallelism and multiple synonyms, and says each represents a different אויב:
חז״ל did not see Avshalom as David’s enemy; Rabbi Shulman talked about Avshalom’s plans to claim to rule after David, not to overthrow him. It was Achitofel who was the villian, who manipulated Avshalom into outright civil war.
The next section describes David’s response to adversity: he prays to הקב״ה. And ה׳ answers מהיכלו, which for David does not mean from the בית המקדש; that hasn’t been built yet. The image is of ה׳ responding from the highest heavens, coming to rescue David:
And the description of ה׳'s response is interesting:
It’s interesting because it is wrong. It is a description of great miracles, of the earth shaking and the heavens spewing fire. That isn’t how David fought his battles; his miracles were נסים נסתרים. This sounds much more like a description of יציאת מצרים and מעמד הר סיני.
This is not a description of how ה׳ saved David; it is a description of why ה׳ saved David. ה׳ had manifested in the world in a way that presented a choice.
When he fights his battles, David doesn’t see the enemy in front of him; if he is facing a battle, then ה׳ is telling him he has done something wrong. And that is why the description of ה׳‘s manifestation ends with ברד וגחלי אש. That was the classic example of someone (פרעה) looking at ה׳’s awesome power and given a choice of how to respond.
After פרעה chooses poorly, he loses his free will, and becomes a passive observer to the destruction of Egypt.
And פרעה is saved from the מכות in order to give him yet another choice: ויראו אפיקי מים ויגלו מוסדות תבל. ה׳ has taken his free will up to the edge of ים סוף, but he can decide whether to chase the people into the miraculously split sea. He again chooses poorly.
But David says that when he saw ה׳'s power, he is saved, because his תשובה and תפילה have been accepted.
The Ramchal takes this perek as the exemplar of נקיות, one of his steps in מסילת ישרים toward true righteousness. נקיות, ”cleanliness“, means spiritual cleanliness, כְּבֹר ידי לנגד עיניו.
This נקיות doesn’t mean that David was sinless; he certainly committed his share of terrible עבירות! But he did תשובה whole-heartedly and “cleaned” himself so that he warranted salvation. And more then just being saved; he earned the right to participate in his own salvation.
The perek continues:
JPS translates that last pasuk as "With the pure, You act purely,
and with the perverse, You are wily.“ But that seems wrong; ה׳ should act ”purely“ with everyone. I think the התפעל form on those verbs means more ”With the pure, You seem to be pure; and with the perverse, You seem to be crooked".
דרכי ה׳ are like a sidewalk, easy enough to walk on, but going perpendicular to them means hitting the curb and tripping. תשובה just means turning a little so you are going in the right direction.
This was David’s ultimate victory: with ה׳'s help, he “leapt a wall” in The Battle of Jerusalem.
That ends part one of the perek. Part two starts with David’s philosophy of מצוות:
The act of obedience to ה׳—David is called עבד ה׳—is itself purifying, and because of his submission to הקב״ה, he will become the ruler of human beings.
The tone of the second half is not of David’s trouble and rescue, חבלי שאול סבבוני and ה׳ brought him back from the verge of death. It is about his victory over all who stand against him:
Ironically, David alludes to פרעה here: אֶרְדּוֹף אוֹיְבַי וְאַשִּׂיגֵם וְלֹא אָשׁוּב עַד כַּלּוֹתָם is the same claim as אָמַר אוֹיֵב אֶרְדֹּף אַשִּׂיג אֲחַלֵּק שָׁלָל. The difference is, of course, וַתְּאַזְּרֵנִי חַיִל לַמִּלְחָמָה תַּכְרִיעַ קָמַי תַּחְתָּי. David attributes his success to ה׳'s help, not to his own military prowess.
And that leads not just to victory, but to sovereignty.
And the perek ends with a summary:
We quote that last pasuk in ברכת המזון and say מַגְדִּל on weekdays and מִגְדּוֹל on Shabbat (and other holidays). It’s not clear why we do this.
Baruch Epstein gives a well-known reason:
We like this answer; it lets us feel superior to those ignorant primitives who came before us who couldn’t even read the notes correctly.
However, as Rabbi Raymond Apple points out, this cannot be right. To understand why, we need to review some history. This comes from an article by Dovid Hoffman, a columnist for the Yated Ne’eman.
Why is this relevant? The Rishon David Abudraham wrote one of the first commentaries on the siddur. On ברכת המזון he writes:
The Abudraham wrote his book in 1339, so it is unlikely (to say the least) that siddur writers were labelling פסוקים as שמואל ב׳, if no one called it שמואל ב׳. So why the difference in readings? It’s not clear what Abudraham means by השבת הוא מלך
גדול, but it may be (based on the Abarbanel) that מַגְדִּל is a present-tense verb, with the sense that ה׳ is making His salvation great: ישועה is an ongoing process. שבת is מעין עולם הבא; we see the ישועה as an already-completed מִגְדּוֹל. In the same sense, ספר תהילים represents the ongoing salvation of Israel; ה׳ is מַגְדִּל. The end of ספר שמואל is the summary of David’s life; he was a מִגְדּוֹל.
And so, when we read David’s שירה, we thank ה׳ for His continuing salvation, and we notice that David describes himself with three terms:
Our task is to see the hand of הקב״ה in all phases of life, when we are on top of the world, מלך על ישראל; when we are in despair, נרדף משאול; and all the boring times in between when life just goes on, בהיותו לבד דור בן ישי רועה צאן. We are always in a position to declare את דברי השירה הזאת.