We have talked about הלל המצרי, the הלל of holidays and of miracles, and about הלל שבכל יום, the הלל of sustenance and ongoing existence. There is a third set of פרקי תהילים that is called הלל:
What is הלל הגדול, and what makes it different from ההלל (since we started with הלל המצרי in מגיד, when we are גומר את ההלל, it must be referring to that הלל), and what makes it גדול? And why does רבי טרפון say we say it in addition to the regular הלל?
We need to look at the structure of ספר תהילים here:
Everyone agrees that עד נַהֲרוֹת בָּבֶל means עד ולא עד בכלל; פרק קלז is not part of הלל; it is a קינה. The question is מהיכן הלל הגדול—where do we start when we say הלל הגדול?
רבי יהודה starts with הודו, meaning all of פרק קלו. That’s what we do at the seder. רבי יוחנן starts with שיר המעלות. There are 15 שיר המעלות in תהילים, but just about everyone assumes he means the last, so his הלל הגדול is פרקים קלד,קלה, קלו, and פרק קלד is both the last of the “songs of ascent” and the first of the “great Hallel”. We’ll have to see why.
רב אחא בר יעקב is interesting. He starts with כי יעקב בחר לו י־ה, which is the fourth pasuk of פרק קלה. If he wants to include פרק קלה in הלל הגדול (which we do on Shabbat mornings in פסוקי דזימרא), then why start in the middle?
The gemara discusses the division of ספר תהילים into chapters (remember that the chapter division that we use is a Christian invention).
In other words, our פרק קלה is really two kapitlach: a short, two-verse one:
And the rest:
So רב אחא בר יעקב would start הלל הגדול with פרק קלה-ב (הללויה כי טוב ה׳; זמרו לשמו כי נעים is the introduction to the actual perek: כי יעקב בחר לו י־ה etc.). Now, Tosfot argues that a two-verse perek is too short to be independent, and that what I am calling פרק קלה-א is really part of פרק קלד:
And it makes sense to say that פרק קלד and פרק קלה-א are one unit, since both are about עבדי ה׳ העמדים בבית ה׳ or עבדי ה׳ שעמדים בבית ה׳. But I would still read them as separate perakim, because הללויה is (everywhere else) a separator or title.
We will have to see what the basis for the מחלוקת is.
Everyone agrees that the core of הלל הגדול is פרק קלו: הודו לה׳ כי טוב; כי לעולם חסדו.
We’ve discussed הלל המצרי as the הלל of open miracles, and פסוקי דזימרא as the הלל of every day existence. This perek has both: למכה מצרים בבכוריהם and נתן לחם לכל בשר. We don’t say it every day, because those are two separate ideas that really warrant their own “תהילות”. There is one occasion that does merge them:
And the rain after a drought may be as close as we will get to an open miracle. Our perakim connect them explicitly:
רבי טרפון says that the rain after a drought is an occasion to say הלל הגדול. When we feel our existence is threatened, and then we are saved—even by apparently natural means—we feel the presence of הקב״ה and His involvement in the world. But why at the seder?
Rav Yehudah Zoldan notes it was the same רבי טרפון who established the custom of saying הלל הגדול at the seder and saying it when a drought ends. And he points out that the language of ובאו בין הערבים should sound familiar:
בין הערבים is not the seder; that is after nightfall. בין הערבים is when the קרבן פסח is offered. And הלל was said then as well:
קראו את ההלל: who sings Hallel? Rashi says that it was the people bringing their פסחים:
Tosfot argues that Rashi can’t be right; the Leviim were the singers in the בית המקדש:
Rav Zoldan goes through the Yerushalmi and concludes that there were two different הלל's on ערב פסח:
And so he reads our perakim as starting with two “minichapters” about העמדים בבית ה׳. They are an introduction, inviting the people to enter the בית המקדש and raise their hands in prayer (or maybe, clapping to the music).
The שירי המעלות were songs welcoming the עולי רגל:
And this one specifically refers to העמדים בבית ה׳ בלילות. There was only one קרבן offered בלילות, after the last קרבן תמיד:
And when we bless ה׳, ה׳ will bless us: יברכך ה׳ מציון.
Praise ה׳ here, בבית ה׳, and the ברכה will be when you go back home, from ציון, to your fields to enjoy the produce of the land.
Again, this all fits with the פסח theme, as the חג האביב at the start of the harvest season.
The next “minichapter” is the actual הלל:
So Rav Zoldan proposes that הלל הגדול was the הלל of בני ישראל when offering their פסחים. In the בית המקדש, הלל הגדול consisted of all three perakim. The question of the gemara, מהיכן הלל הגדול? refers to the תקנה of רבי טרפון, to say it at the seder:
רבי יוחנן would say, start הלל הגדול from שיר המעלות, just like in the בית המקדש. רב אחא בר יעקב says leave out the introduction to העמדים בבית ה׳ בלילות, since we are not there yet. Start with the meat of הלל. רבי יהודה we have yet to understand.
So what makes this הלל appropriate for the celebration of פסח? It starts with a recapitulation of Jewish history, parallel to the וידוי ביכורים that we analyze at the seder:
Our perek starts from Yaakov (as the Sifrei interprets ארמי אבד אבי), skips the oppression of the Egyptian exile, and goes straight into the אתות ומפתים:
ה׳ chose יעקב and changed his name to ישראל to be a סגולה:
And then the psalmist quotes יתרו:
Why יתרו? I think it is because the pericope of יתרו teaches us that Jews aren’t special because they are so smart; they are special because they are ממלכת כהנים וגוי קדוש and only when they fill that role will they be a סגלה מכל העמים.
The psalmist is reminding us that ישראל לסגלתו is a responsibility, not a privilege. The perek then goes into יציאת מצרים, but first emphasizing the theme of הלל הגדול, that ה׳'s miracles of פרנסה—rain and crops—are as awe-inspiring as His miracles of the עשר מכות:
That ties together what we celebrate on the שלש רגלים: both the historical miracles and the agricultural cycle.
The history continues with the conquest of ארץ ישראל (parallel to the ויבאנו אל המקום הזה; ויתן לנו את הארץ הזאת of ארמי אבד אבי):
And we conclude this section with an allusion to Moshe’s initial mission to redeem the Jews:
The שם הויה means that הקב״ה is more than the אלוקים of עשה שמים וארץ; He has a personal relationship with us. And we are obligated to reciprocate:
This is almost a word-for-word quote from פרק קטו in הלל המצרי:
which we dealt with in detail in In the Image Of, so I will not repeat that here.
I think that this repetition explains the opinion of רבי יהודה who would say that in the seder, we say all of הלל המצרי, so there is no need to say this perek in addition and we can start הלל הגדול from הודו, פרק קלו.