The next perek of פסוקי דזימרא is, in our model, based on the penultimate pasuk of אשרי:
Reading this, it seems inappropriate, far too violent for the poetic תהילים. And our perek is similarly problematic: חרב פיפיות בידם׃ לעשות נקמה בגוים; תוכחות בלאמים. It’s OK to praise ה׳ for saving us, but why celebrate destroying our enemies?
But that seems to be exactly what we’re doing in our perek. In the sequence of פסוקי דזימרא, our הלל is becoming more ecstatic, with a שיר חדש and with musical instruments and dancing:
And we are singing to ה׳ because He has favored us and redeemed us:
That’s all pretty standard. But then we describe what we’re celebrating, and it’s not even about G-d’s vengeance; it’s about ours. The חסידים are the ones with חרב פיפיות בידם:
There are two approaches to this. One is to take it literally: our modern minds are too sensitive, but there are times that חסידים need to take up the sword.
To understand the place of this אקטיביזם צבאי in ספר תהילים, I would like to cite C. S. Lewis, Orthodox Judaism’s favorite Anglican.
Reflections on the Psalms is Lewis’s essays on תהילים, and it is fascinating because it looks at תנ״ך through very different eyes than the ones we use, and makes us think about the assumptions that we take for granted. We talked about this in the context of “the sweetness of Torah” when discussing תהילים קיט. ”The Cursings“ is about the תהילים asking for נקמה, what Lewis calls “vindictiveness”.
The expression חרב פיפיות, a “double-edged sword” may be a hint to this. Righteous anger is a dangerous thing.
So the חרב פיפיות must always be preceded by רוממות א־ל בגרונם; it has to be not just in the service of G-d, but reflecting the will of G-d.
שיר חדש is usually taken as a reference to אחרית הימים, when ה׳'s justice will be made manifest.
And we will be an active part of that eschatological battle, and will celebrate the ultimate victory of good.
That works for our perek. But it seems out of context. This is part of the הלל of everyday. It clearly follows from the last perek, which ended with תהלה לכל חסידיו, leading to our תהלתו בקהל חסידים. We’ve argued that פסוקי דזימרא is the הלל of ה׳'s פרנסה, sustaining the world both physically (חלב חטים ישביעך) and emotionally (מעודד ענוים ה׳). This isn’t the place “to vanquish your enemies, to chase them before you, to rob them of their wealth, to see those dear to them bathed in tears” (Genghis Khan). So, at least as part of our תפילה, I would read this perek allegorically.
The allegory comes from חז״ל.
And this particular חרב is a particular תפלה:
My reading: the חרב פיפיות בידם is our תפלה that defends and integrates the two halves of our selves, what Rav Kook calls חמרי ושכלי. More philosophical authors would call them חומר and צורה, matter and form. The לאמים that require תוכחה are all the myriad parts of us that need to be tied together, לאסר מלכיהם בזקים; ונכבדיהם בכבלי ברזל.
And that is the next aspect of ה׳'s פרנסה that we celebrate. I go to sleep every night and I awaken every morning, and I am still me. That re-integration of my multitudes is the greatest miracle of all.
Humans are math enmeshed in meat. You can despair over that, or praise your Creator for making that possible.
Rav Hutner brings up an obscure halachic point: a bracha never ends with two thoughts. If we wish to express two concepts, we make two brachot:
But the bracha of אשר יצר seems to violate this rule:
The bracha is about the miracle of the physical body (Dr. Kenneth Prager wrote an essay in JAMA that everyone should read, about אשר יצר), and the מַפְלִיא לַעֲשׂוֹת would seem to be part of that. However,
Rav Hutner cites the Rema, that מַפְלִיא לַעֲשׂוֹת isn’t really the end of the bracha, it’s a bridge to the next bracha, אלוקי נשמה שנתת בי:
That’s why this requires שירו לה׳ שיר חדש. Every day is worth a new song.
And the way to integrate them is לעשות בהם משפט כתוב, to keep the Torah that is a הדר הוא לכל חסידיו.
And so we conclude with the last pasuk of אשרי:
with a perek that ironically doesn’t praise ה׳ at all. It’s a statement of how to praise ה׳, not what to say:
It starts with the parallel that we saw in פרק קמח: human beings singing בקדשו, in the בית המקדש; and the hosts of heaven singing ברקיע עזו. Rav Schwab (in Rav Schwab on Prayer, p. 209) says that this isn’t really limited to the בית המקדש, because our goal is that the entire world should become מקום קדשו:
And both are wordless.
We then praiseה׳ בגבורתיו and כרב גדלו. The latter preposition makes sense, כרב גדלו, ”in accordance with His greatness“. But the ב־ in בגבורתיו is odd. We translate בקדשו as “in His holy place”, and in the rest of the perek, בתקע שופר…בנבל וכנור, ב־ is instrumental, “with the blast of the shofar…with harp and lyre.”
You could translate בגבורתיו as “with His mighty acts”, meaning that our הלל will speak of ה׳'s גבורה. But that doesn’t go with the wordlessness of this perek. So I would translate it as “in the midst of His might”, standing in the middle of creation, where we experience רב גדלו.
Our perek is how to do just that, and it starts with the shofar. We have talked about the shofar as the embodiment of wordless prayer:
“I, G-d, listen to the language of ‘לא ידעתי’, ‘I don’t know’.” The shofar is the language that has no words to express itself.
We all know the story:
Poetry is putting words to feelings that have no words. But we, unlike David, are not poets. Any words we try to use to express ourselves would be inadequate. But that is enough for כל הנשמה תהלל י־ה, for every living thing to praise ה׳, and for the entirety of our selves to praise ה׳. It’s not that הקב״ה needs our praise; it is that we need it.
“All creatures who possess breath” is the usual translation of כל הנשמה תהלל י־ה. But I think it would be better to translate it as “all of one’s breath”. The word נשמה doesn’t appear anywhere else in ספר תהילים, and elsewhere in תנ״ך it clearly means “breath”, not the more modern meaning of “soul” (in תהילים that is called “כבוד”). It fits in with the “wordless” theme—I praise ה׳ simply by breathing.
And this ends ספר תהלים. But that doesn’t complete all possible תהלים.
David ends his book halfway through the alphabet. Shlomo takes that as an invitiation to continue on in his own words, with his own feelings. And so should we all.
To summarize in Twitter-ish:
פסוקי דזימרא is the הלל sung:
קמו: in solitude
קמז: with community
קמח: with the universe
קמט: with song and dance
קנ: without words
פסוקי דזימרא is the הלל of:
קמו: the miracle of physical sustenance
קמז: the miracle of emotional stability
קמח: the miracle of being part of creation
קמט: the miracle of spiritual integration
קנ: the miracle of הלל
And so we conclude פסוקי דזימרא and are truly ready to start our תפילה.