פרק ב combines the two metaphors of the previous perek. That perek started with the image of parents lecturing their child: שמע בני מוסר אביך; ואל תטש תורת אמך׃, and then switched to the image of Wisdom, as a woman shouting on the street corner as no one listens: חכמות בחוץ תרנה; ברחבות תתן קולה. Now, we have the image of the parents telling their child to go listen to that woman out there:
The logic at the end seems perverse: if you listen to חכמה, then you will understand יראת ה׳, because ה׳ will give you חכמה. The Maharal analyzes this perek, as an ever-increasing series of levels of seeking wisdom.
The key is how the Maharal understands the Mishna:
If you truly want to learn wisdom, you have to be willing to learn it from everyone, not just חכמים, and even not just from Jews, but everyone. Rambam makes the same point in the introduction to his commentary on פרקי אבות:
It makes sense to be willing to learn from כל אדם in matters of math and hard science; those focus on facts that should be independent of ideology. But this is more radical. Rambam is talking about פרקי אבות, the book of דרך ארץ, and Maharal is talking about ספר משלי; both are concerned with ethical behavior. And that we can learn from כל אדם. דרך ארץ applies to all human beings and so, even though the basis of our thought is in Torah and the word of G-d, other human thinkers may have something to teach us.
The context of Maharal’s מציאות וסדר העולם isn’t about physics, but about the social world we live in.
חז״ל make the distinction between דרך ארץ and תורה:
But they are connected.
תורה, as revealed by הקב״ה, and דרך ארץ, which may be developed by human beings, are intertwined into what משלי calls חכמה. And that is intertwined with יראת ה׳.
משלי is describing a virtuous cycle: חכמה קצת can lead to יראה, and יראה leads to ever greater חכמה. It is not a perverse logic; it is the only way to grow. And that leads to higher levels of understanding.
And then the mishna intertwines בינה and דעת. בינה is the intellectual analytic understanding. דעת the emotional, felt understanding; (בראשית ד:א) והאדם ידע את חוה אשתו. Both are elaborations of חכמה.
This section ends with כי ה׳ יתן חכמה; מפיו דעת ותבונה. The Midrash notes the difference between ה׳ יתן and מפיו.
Shlomo continues by describing the importance of combining דרך ארץ and תורה.
Shlomo started the perek with ומצותי תצפן אתך and now we have יצפן לישרים תושיה; if you treasure the מצוות, then the תושיה will be your treasure. תושיה is an uncommon word that generally appears in context with עצה. So it means something like “counsel” or “advice”. The תרגום משלי translates it as שִׁבְהוֹר, ”splendor“, “light”. The מפרשים assume the root is “יש”, reality, and it is a synonym for the Torah:
because the Torah is the basis of reality, and in term of ethics, the Torah determines reality:
In Robert Cover’s terms, we maintain the normative universe with our behavior. This provides an answer to the
Euthyphro dilemma:
In Jewish terms, can reason lead to דרך ארץ, or must it be revealed by הקב״ה? Can I learn דרך ארץ from non-Jewish philosophers? Is what the philosophers call “Natural Law” possible? Rambam says it is, מדברי הפילוסופים. The Maharal says it is:
Rav Hutner, after discussing the עשרה מאמרות of creation that represent the (involuntary) laws of nature and the עשרה דברות of the Torah that represent the (voluntary) laws of behavior, discusses the idea that there is something in between:
In other words, the ethical laws of דרך ארץ can be derived by observing the created universe and the human beings that exist in it.
There is an ethic inherent in creation, natural law exists, but it is only ethical—it imposes a duty of behavior on us—because creation itself is commanded. G-d said that creation is Good ((בראשית א:לא) וירא אלקים את כל אשר עשה והנה טוב מאד), and therefore we must act in a way to preserve it. As the Maharal said, מי שאין נוהג בדרך זה אינו מין הישוב.
Once I understand that, I can start reasoning as in פסוק ט: אז תבין צדק ומשפט ומישרים. We talked about those three aspects of interpersonal relationships: צדק as מדת הרחמים, משפט as מדת הדין, and מישרים as the compromise, the balance between them, in Middle of the Road. They represent the ideal that Rambam called the הדרך הישרה היא מדה בינונית, the Golden Mean.
And we can reach that ideal with the מעגל טוב, the virtuous cycle we mentioned above, of חכמה and יראה.
But פסוקים י-יא remind us that it is not easy to find that golden mean; it requires חכמה, דעת ותבונה.
And there is one more requirement for the virtuous cycle: it has to be fun: ודעת לנפשך ינעם. It has to be נעים. That is what we pray as part of ברכת התורה:
And in פסוק יא Shlomo adds that it also requires מזמה, mindfulness. You can’t just read and study; you need to intentionally seek the appropriate משרים.
And it’s important to get it right, or bad things happen:
נלוזים במעגלותם: those on the דרך רע, the איש מדבר תהפכות, get lost in their circles. They end up on a vicious cycle, getting more and more reinforcement from doing evil.
But the problem is deeper than than, because often those who are going in the wrong direction, העזבים ארחות ישר, may think they are doing the right thing. Shlomo keeps coming back to the idea of a self-reinforcing cycle, the virtuous circle or the vicious circle. Starting even a little bit off gets worse and worse. We have quoted C. S. Lewis before:
So we need דרך ארץ to protect us from “mere anarchy”, but getting the rules wrong lead to tyranny and misery. What can we do?
Rav Wolbe discusses this idea. In the next perek, Shlomo says (משלי ג:ו) בְּכָל דְּרָכֶיךָ דָעֵהוּ וְהוּא יְיַשֵּׁר אֹרְחֹתֶיךָ. Imitatio dei needs to guide our decisions about דרך ארץ.
And so אם אין תורה, אין דרך ארץ. אם אין דרך ארץ, אין תורה.
So learning ethics is a self-reinforcing cycle. But if we start on the wrong path, we end up lost in the widening gyre, and the blood-dimmed tide is loosed; we’ve spoken many times on the metaphor of water and drowning as chaos in ספר תהילים. The world before the מבול was a world without rules or laws, a world “in the state of nature”.
The מבול was a response to that, literally turning the world into formless matter, returning it to תוהו ובוהו, primordial chaos. דרך ארץ helps prevent that, by providing structure to society. But it’s too easy to fall into the vicious cycle, the widening gyre, that either leads to tyranny or a return to chaos.
Rav Wolbe gave one answer: תורתנו הקדושה מחייבת אותנו ללכת בדרכיו. But we argued before that Shlomo teaches us that learning חכמה means, as Rambam says, שמע האמת ממי שאמרו, learn ethical wisdom even from sources outside of Torah.
To address this, Shlomo turns to the third metaphoric theme of ספר משלי: the strange woman, the אשה זרה. If the good woman is the חכמה that you should listen to, the evil woman is the sort of חכמה that you need to avoid.
And that is the problem. If חכמות בחוץ תרנה; ברחבות תתן קולה, there are a lot of חכמות shouting to us from every street corner. We are supposed to שמע האמת ממי שאמרו; how can we tell what voice to learn from and what voice to shun? Who is the אשה זרה? The Maharal offers some guidance:
But that still relies on our own sense of what is כנגד אמונת ישראל. Shlomo in ספר משלי will try to guide us further.