The previous pasuk introduced Shlomo’s aim: לדעת חכמה ומוסר, to deeply understand, to integrate, ethics and the consequences of not acting ethically. He continues:
We’ve already talked about מוסר. What is מוסר השכל? Ibn Ezra says השכל is a separate thing; the pasuk means “to attain discipline and שכל—common sense”:
But the מוסר part would be redundant, and there is no ו החיבור. So most commentators take השכל as an adjective:
מוסר is the awareness of the negative consequences of doing the wrong thing (contrasted to חכמה which is the awareness of the benefits of doing the right thing); מוסר השכל is the awareness not of punishment but of losing the opportunity to be part of something much greater than oneself.
In Yeshivish parlance, מוסר השכל means a practical lesson, as opposed to theoretical—”What is the מוסר השכל of that story“. שכל in many places in תנ״ך doesn’t mean “sense”, it means “success”:
משלי will teach you the מוסר you need to be successful in interpersonal relationships, which means צדק ומשפט ומשרים.
Equity in the modern use means “equality of outcomes” but משרים really means “compromise, balance”:
משרים is important because צדק and משפט are important, but they are mutually contradictory. מדת הרחמים and מדת הדין are a dialectic, in human behavior as much as in Jewish theology.
The idea of פשרה, compromise, is what it means to be ישר.
And it characterizes ה׳'s relationship with human beings:
There are no simple answers. Ethics requires balance. And that is not just in court cases but in our own lives, in determining our own character. Every ethical decision we make is a compromise between competing values.
Rambam’s formulation is taken from Aristotle:
But Rambam is just using the language of Aristotle to present the ideas of חכמים הראשונים. The idea of the “Golden Mean”, the שביל הזהב or דרך האמצע, is inherent in ספר משלי.
Then Shlomo tells us his intended audience. He addresses four people:
We will have to look at the kinds of people that Shlomo does not address later, but these here, even those who are not חכמים ונבונים, have value and can be taught.
לתת לפתאים ערמה
What is a פתי?
The
פתי is naive, easily swayed (from the root לפתות, to entice or seduce). ערום means clever, and in תנ״ך it is generally a bad thing.
But in משלי, it is a positive thing, a contrast with the naivité of the פתי. Being a פתי is not itself a bad thing; there is a place for what we call אמונה פשוטה. Shlomo is not going to turn the פתי into an ערום; he is just going to give them a little ערמה.
And the greatest נביא of all is described as a פתי:
It can be a good thing; the Artscroll Mishlei says פתי is synonymous with תם, which can be translated both as “simple” and as “perfect”:
And that is relevant to פסח that is coming up. We read about the four sons:
Why does the haggadah say, about the חכם: אף אתה אמור לו—you should even tell him? It is because the answer given in the haggadah is not the answer the Torah gives:
The answer in the haggadah is the
last tosefta in מסחת פסחים. It is תורה שבעל פה.
Notice the story, the מעשה with Rabbis at the seder all night. It is a different story from the one brought in the haggadah:
Notice the key difference: in the תוספתא, the rabbis are עסוקין בהלכות הפסח. In the Haggadah, they are מספרים ביציאת מצרים. So when the בעל הגדה says ואף אתה אמור לו כהלכות הפסח, the בעל הגדה is giving us a התר, that we may spend our night עוסקין בהלכות הפסח. Once you’ve fulfilled the mitzvah of והגדת לבנך…בעבור זה עשה ה׳ לי בצאתי ממצרים and (as the Torah explicitly says) ואמרת לבנך עבדים היינו לפרעה במצרים; ויציאנו ה׳ ממצרים ביד חזקה, then you can indulge his intellectual fervor for the halacha. But the בעל הגדה does not hold like the Tosefta. It’s not ideal. The ideal is the “perfect” son, the תם. He asks about the story of יצאת מצרים, and you tell him the story of יצאת מצרים.
There are times and places where you should not be so much of a חכם and ערום. But being a תם, a פתי, can be dangerous. One is too easily swayed in the wrong direction. So Shlomo wants לתת לפתאים ערמה, not to change the תם, but to give them a little cleverness that allows them to fight back. It is part of the מוסר השכל of משרים, the מדה בינונית.
לנער דעת ומזמה
This clause is similar. A נער can be used to mean “fool”; that is what it means in Yiddish.
But here is seems to be more literal; a youth is one without experience and therefore acts rashly.
Like ערמה, in תנ״ך the word זמם, מזמה, is a bad thing. The word literally means “planning, foresight” but usually it is used for plotting evil.
But here, it is a contrast, a balance to נאַרישקײַט which isn’t really foolishness but youthfulness, the ability to grow and change. Just like being a פתי is important, being a נער is important. The כרובים on the ארון were images of children.
Shlomo wants to give לנער דעת ומזמה. He tells the נער: don’t stop being a נער; don’t stop looking at the world with child-like eyes. But read ספר משלי and learn from the experience of others. Then you will be able to think about the consequences of your actions.