פרק ד ends with a return to the parent-lecturing-child metaphor. Shlomo starts with the familiar theme: listen to my words, and things will go well for you:
The gemara learns a lesson about good study habits:
And then he turns to advice about advice that you should avoid:
עקשות פה is not talking about לשון הרע, the warped speech that we speak. He is talking about the speech of others. You need to be careful not to be taken by smooth talkers.
And he gives us Mishlei’s mussar message number six: Eyes on the prize. עיניך לנכח יביטו; keep your ultimate goal in mind and stay focused, and כל דרכיך יכנו, you will be able to go in a straight line. Rabbi Goldson has a nice metaphor for this metaphor (a meta-metaphor?):
And this is what ציצית are supposed to mean:
So we need to
avoid the temptations of false voices and seductive sights. And that explains a strange ברכה:
Each part of that bracha is fine; we thank ה׳ for allowing us to wake, and we pray to be able to go in the path of the Torah, but why combine them into one ברכה? And this is a single ברכה:
The answer is that מעביר שנה מעיני is not about literally waking up; that’s the previous ברכה of הנותן ליעף כח. This one uses Shlomo’s metaphor:
Thank you for allowing me to open my eyes and focus on what’s important, which is תרגילנו בתורתך ודבקנו במצותיך.
The start of פרק ה has the same message, of being wary of smooth talkers, but uses the other metaphor, of the אשה זרה.
You need לשמר מזמות: to maintain your mindfulness (what doctors call a “high index of suspicion”) about what you hear outside the walls of the yeshiva. The זרה is the opposite of the חכם of the previous perek: פלס מעגל רגלך; וכל דרכיך יכנו. She avoid weighing her path and therefore wanders without thinking.
Dr. Lisa Fredman (who has a Ph.D. in Rashi) makes an interesting point about Rashi’s use of the word מינות—heresy. She spoke at the 2013 ימי עיון בתנ״ך about Rashi Encounters the Christian World in his Commentary to Mishlei. Rashi seems very concerned about Christian proselyting.
Our text of Rashi’s commentary about מינין is pretty bland:
But that is the censored version; the real one is more direct:
And that seems to be Rashi’s focus here in ספר משלי. Too many people are naïve, פתים. We pointed out in Middle of the Road that אמונה פשוטה is not necessarily a bad thing, but we need (משלי א:ד) לתת לפתאים ערמה; they need some sophistication, some cynicism.
There is an old joke:
But it’s not true. Christian polemics can be very convincing. One famous example was the chief rabbi of Rome from 1940 to 1945, who converted to Catholicism.
And of course, the danger of learning from other religions was a trap that Shlomo himself fell into:
While the seduction of his wives certainly played a part in his failure, לא מלא אחרי ה׳, I have to believe that “the wisest of all men” thought about all the religious implications of עבודה זרה and convinced himself that pantheism isn’t incompatible with Torah. The metaphor of the נפת תטפנה שפתי זרה merged with the literal meaning of אהב נשים נכריות רבות.
But we can’t just reject the אשה זרה. Her words are חדה כחרב פיות, a
double-edged sword. It is an important tool but too easily can cut its wielder. The חסידים hold that double-edged sword:
We have to acknowledge that other cultures may have things to teach us.
There are opinions that those things may be too dangerous to handle.
And Rav Soloveitchik was famously opposed to any religious discussions with other faiths.
On the other hand, as we saw in The Widening Gyre, (משנה אבות ד:א) איזהו חכם, הלומד מכל אדם.
So is learning “פילוסופיא” a good thing or a bad thing? Yes. What do I do with this strange woman with a double edged sword?
There’s no simple answer. Be careful. חז״ל talk about translating the Torah into Greek, the language of פילוסופי יוון שהיו חוקרים מדעתם ומשכלם.
The Lubavitch Rebbe asks, why was putting the Torah into Greek terms likened to “the day the Golden Calf was made”?
Making the עגל wasn’t automatically a problem. It could have been re-purposed into a symbol of the מרכבה that carries the שכינה (ואכמ״ל). But it was a very dangerous day that had the potential to (and in the end, did) end very badly.
Learning חכמה בגוים is just as risky. We do it, because our intellectual curiosity pushes us to learn every thing, but we need to be aware of the risks.