Last time we saw David being rejected by the פלישתים and sent back to his headquarters in Ziklag. There, the bad situation just gets worse:
The first question is, where did these Amalekites come from? Didn’t Saul wipe them all out 15 chapters ago?
Rashi has a very interesting understanding of the command to wipe out their animals as well:
This is a strange aggadic interpretation, but the משבצות זהב cites a more rationalist version of the same answer:
And he proposes (citing the שיח מרדכי) that these Amalekites who hid were the ones who would later be raiding in the Negev.
We discussed earlier how this attack seems to be a מדה כנגד מדה for David’s own behavior against the neutral nations of the southwest:
The irony that the text highlights is how Amalek spared the lives of the people where David killed them all. I don’t want to suggest that Amalek was innocent; it’s clear here and in the first time we see Amalek that they are slave traders:
The difference between the reaction of David’s men and David’s own reaction is striking. His men remain מר נפש, just wanting to strike out, blaming David for their loss.
The Chofetz Chaim learns a מוסר השכל from David’s behavior:
Note that ה׳ answers him more than he asked; David asks only ארדף…האשגנו while ה׳ adds הצל תציל.
The commentators say that הנותרים עמדו refers to the 200 mentioned later that stayed at the river, but that does not seem to fit the flow of the text. I would interpret, as does Malbim, that this refers to all the rest of David’s army; we saw
(דברי הימים א יב:כא) בלכתו אל ציקלג נפלו עליו …ראשי האלפים אשר למנשה. Thus the new recruits stayed in Ziklag; David’s core group, the ones whose homes had been destroyed and whose families had been taken into slavery, went with him to war.
Then 200 of the 600 stayed at the river:
The Malbim sees a little medical advice in the way they treat the Egyptian slave:
Then David attacks, and 400 of Amalek survive. This is an allusion to the first group of 400, those who came with עשו, the Amalekite’s ancestor:
It also makes the parallel between David and the Amalekites even stronger; we have pointed out (most notably in the story of Avigail) that David’s 400 men is also an allusion to Esau.
But David succeeds, rescues all the captives and recovers all the stolen property. We will see that David’s actions with the spoils shows his development into a true ruler.