Mishlei starts with a 6-pasuk introduction, in which Shlomo summarizes his goal for the ספר:
We need to define all these terms. I would assume that they are not simply poetic synonyms, but have significant meanings and distinctions. There are several terms for “wisdom”:
דעת
חכמה
מוסר
בינה
שכל
ערמה
מזמה
תחבלות
and they have meanings that the מפרשים have teased apart, based on context. Those meanings may be different from the ways those words are used elsewhere in תנ״ך. There are also several words for “good behavior”:
צדק
משפט
משרים
And several words for “one who lacks wisdom”
פתא
נער
אויל
And two that are not in this introduction, כסיל and לץ
And several words for “words, text”:
אמרי בינה
לקח
משל
מליצה
דברי חכמים
חידה
It will be interesting to compare משלי to the other great source of Western ethics, Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics. Much of the philosophical reasoning is similar to משלי, and Rambam famously uses much of the language of Aristotle to describe Torah ethics, but they are profoundly different. Both agree that human beings need to study and practice “ethics”, the right way to behave. However, they are very different in the sense that the ultimate goal, their respective definitions of “right” are different.
Nonetheless, translating Shlomo’s concepts into English warrants some fancy words (and I love fancy words), and those fancy words come from Aristotle’s Greek.
Shlomo says the basis, the standard by which “right way to behave” is judged, is יראת ה׳: יראת ה׳ ראשית דעת. Aristotle says that the basis is what he calls eudemonia, happiness as the result of an active life governed by reason.
The purpose of ethics is so we will know how to live a satisfied life. Shlomo says otherwise:
We start with יראת ה׳ and strive for the ultimate purpose, which is coming closer to הקב״ה and bringing the world closer to הקב״ה. The Ramchal quotes the gemara:
We are going to spend some time teasing apart the first pasuk of the introduction:
דעת
Shlomo wants us to know, לדעת, but דעת is not
just knowledge but “intimate knowledge”, felt as well as thought.
דעת is something known to both heart and mind, or, in the terms of תהילים, כליות ולב:
And that is the main goal of ספר משלי: to turn חכמה into דעת.
Just knowing doesn’t automatically get translated into action, as we noted above.
As Rav Wolpe says in the
introduction to עלי שור:
חכמה
And what we are supposed to know is חכמה and מוסר. חכמה means “wisdom” but here it has a very specific meaning.
The English word for this type of wisdom is “phronesis”.
This is the wisdom that Shlomo asked for when ה׳ offered him anything he wanted.
Relevant to this, there is an interesting philosophical question. Is it possible to know the right thing to do and still not do it? Can you act against your own best judgement? Plato says you can’t; if you’ve decided to do something, then, by definition, that was your best judgement.
In other words, if you make a bad choice (like eating that fourth donut from the break room) then you obviously don’t really know how miserable you are going to feel later. But we all have the intuitive sense (as Socrates starts out by saying) that he’s wrong. We are not governed by our intellectual knowledge. Our minds don’t make decisions, our hearts do (“heart” and “mind” are metaphors here for intellectual and emotional self). The mind is only one input that affects our decisions.
The kidneys (the symbol for mind) is called עָצֶה in the Torah because they don’t decide, they only advise.
Aristotle points out that Plato is clearly wrong, because knowledge is not the same as action.
The word that is translated here as “incontinent” is, in Greek, ἀκρασία. ”Incontinent“ is a literal translation, meaning “without control”, but means something else entirely in modern English. We will simply use the word “akrasia”.
And I would say that Shlomo has a word for this as well.
The אויל is one of משלי's “fools”. The goal of משלי is לדעת חכמה ומוסר, to integrate phronesis and discipline (which is how I will translate מוסר; more on that later). But the אויל refuses to integrate them (בזו—scorns), and is left in that state of akrasia. They know the right way to act, but let their passions rule them. And the reason for this is that they lack יראת ה׳. Without יראת ה׳, Socratic knowlege will not affect behavior.
מוסר
The other thing that Shlomo wants us to know is מוסר, which we usually just transliterate as Mussar, perhaps translating it as “character development”. It sounds like it should be related to מסורה, transmission.
But that word is not in תנ״ך at all; it is Mishnaic Hebrew. מוסר comes from the root יסר, to discipline with explicit meaning of negative reinforcement. מוסר is the unpleasant outcome of wrong behavior, or a warning about what is to come.
חכמה is knowing the right way to act. מוסר is knowing the consequences of the wrong way to act.
But מוסר in this sense is not punitive; it is educational.
בינה
And then Shlomo says that he want to teach us להבין אמרי בינה; redundantly, “to understand words of understanding”. בינה (from the root בנה, “to build”) is different from חכמה. It means analysis, deduction.
Simply learning the משלים here, even internalizing the messages, is not enough. There is no way that a finite text could encompass every possible situation. You have to be able to extend, to go from the חכמה ומוסר into new areas. So part of the goal of ספר משלי is אמרי בינה, tools for building.