As we said last time, a משל is a memorable expression of fundamental truth, a rule for life, an apothegm. But we generally use it to mean “metaphor”.
We talked about learning moral intuition from stories rather than from rules; we observe the behavior of others and subconsciously transfer those stories to ourselves. A metaphor extends that mental image to everything else in the universe: we observe one thing and transfer that story to something else relevant to us.
In Hebrew, we have the terms משל and נמשל. I would call them “metaphor” and “metaphee”, but no one listens to me.
We need metaphors because we have primitive monkey brains. In order to survive, we need to be able to predict the future. What are the consequences of our actions? But we can’t; the universe is too big to fit in our brains. So we create models of truth, small simplifications that aren’t right, but allow us to anticipate enough of the future to get along.
Metaphors are exactly that: models that are literally completely wrong, but yet useful in allowing us to think about things we wouldn’t otherwise. So we can get meta, and to use a metaphor to explain this:
But now we’re stuck with what I call the Raven and Writing Desk problem.
Even if we know something is meant to be a metaphor, and even if we know what the metaphee is, we still don’t know what the point of comparision is. If the map is a model, what is it a model of? That is the question we have to ask whenever we see a משל: “Why is a raven like a writing-desk?”
Yechezkel pointed out this problem explicitly:
So here we are left with a problem; we need to know what Shlomo is talking about in order to understand what he is talking about. One example comes up a lot in ספר משלי: the “good woman”. Is that meant to be advice about shidduchim, or is the woman here a metaphor?
Ibn Ezra, however, takes it literally:
And that interpretation fits with Shlomo’s life and his downfall:
So, you could take the נשים of ספר משלי as literal: Shlomo is relating the experience of his life. Or, you could take them as metaphoric, and Shlomo is using the examples from his life to explain the nature of wisdom. We will take Rashi’s approach and assume that the stories of good and bad women are metaphors for good and bad wisdom.
To help us understand the ספר, he starts by introducing himself:
And then he has an introductory paragraph:
We will look at all these items in more detail.
And he tells us the starting assumption that underlies everything that is to come.
Start from יראת ה׳, and don’t reject discipline (that is the way of the fool).
So lets learn some חכמה. First we have to look at the structure of ספר משלי. When ספר מלכים describes Shlomo’s wisdom, it says:
But we don’t find three thousand apothegms in our book. So Rashi takes אלפים midrashically, as though it was from the Aramaic root אלוף, to learn (source of the modern Hebrew אולפן).
The midrash spells those out:
So we have three books of משלי, the first in chapters 1 through 9 and the second in chapters 10 through 24. We will have to see what the difference is between them. The third book is interesting, because even though it is composed of “משלי שלמה”, it was transcribed some 300 years later, at the time of Chizkiyahu. That book is in chapters 25 through 29, because the last two chapters are appendices that are attributed to others (though, as we will see, the aggadah says that both were pseudonyms of Shlomo himself).
Interestingly, the most famous perek of משלי, אשת חיל, is part of that last appendix.
So, now to look at that first book, משלי שלמה בן דוד…