Last time we talked about הלל, and how the original תקנה implied that it should be said in prayer, before ה׳'s salvation:
And I wondered why we don’t do that today. Evidently, the Rishonim read the gemara differently:
In other words, they are reading the gemara as follows:
The phrase שֶׁלֹּא תָּבֹא עֲלֵיהֶן does not describe when to say הלל, but is an aside. The two types of הלל are עַל כׇּל פֶּרֶק וּפֶרֶק (in memory of a miraculous salvation; the קריאה of הלל), and וְעַל כׇּל צָרָה וְצָרָה וְלִכְשֶׁנִּגְאָלִין (after the experience of a miraculous salvation; the שירה of הלל). With that, let’s look at the first perek. We all know it well:
The first pasuk is an apostrophe:
The psalmist is addressing עבדי ה׳ to praise שם ה׳, the “Name of G-d”, the way we say ברוך שם כבוד מלכותו לעולם ועד or יהא שמיה רבא מברך לעלם ולעלמי עלמיא. We can never speak of ה׳ directly, only of descriptions that serve as models that our primitive monkey brains can handle. We make this point in אשרי: G-d is great and “greatly to be praised” but ”His greatness is unsearchable“:
So all we can do is praise מעשיך and גבורתיך.
That is the meaning of שם ה׳: the sum total of our understanding of the Divine. It’s all we can do, and it’s everything that ה׳ expects of us.
The Chida adds an interesting gematria:
Being the מרכבה לשכינה means that being an עבד ה׳ has to be more than personal; an עבד ה׳ has to carry the “presence” of ה׳ to the entire world. So in the next psukim the psalmist tells his audience to spread the praise of ה׳ through all time and space:
ממזרח שמש עד מבואו doesn’t mean “dawn to dusk”; we are not limiting praise of ה׳ to daytime. It means “east to west”; a merism for “the whole world”, even the non-Jewish world, those who are not עבדי ה׳.
We’re not trying to convert the world, but to convince the world that there is one Supreme Power, however they wish to serve It:
In summary, “real” הלל, the שירה kind of spontaneous הלל that we say about miracles that we have experienced, needs to be shared, to be declared to the world. So, jumping ahead to the conclusion of the הללויה part of הלל, that’s what we do:
The psalmist now addresses the whole world, הללו את ה׳, because גבר עלינו חסדו. The question is, what is גבר עלינו, and if it refers to us—the עבדי ה׳—then why should the rest of the world praise ה׳?
Rabbi Etshalom proposes that it is not really directed at the world:
But I would say that it is addressed to the world, but now it is the entire congregation of עבדי ה׳ saying that ה׳‘s חסד is so great, we can’t praise it—or Him—enough. גבר עלינו חסדו means ה׳’s goodness overwhelms us. We are driven to sing הלל and to have you—all of you—sing it as well. אמת ה׳ לעולם, ה׳'s unitary Truth encompasses the עולם in both senses of the word עולם—time and space, מעתה ועד עולם; ממזרח שמש עד מבואו.
That sense of “we have to shout הלל to the world” has implications for ליל הסדר.
This is taken from Rabbi Eli Baruch Shulman’s ישמח אב על הגדה של פסח (that’s Rabbi Shulman’s brother, a Rosh Yeshiva at YU). I dealt with this before, in Future History but only from secondary sources. The הגדה is now on HebrewBooks.org, so I can quote it directly.
Why do we split הלל at the seder?
In other words, בית שמאי and בית הלל agree that fundamentally, at the end of מגיד, we should only say the introductory perek of Hallel. בית הלל adds that, since we’re telling the story of יציאת מצרים, we should also say the psukim that follow that tell the story of בצאת ישראל ממצרים, even though we will stop באמצע הענין (as we’ve said, פרקים קיד and קטו are really one unit). Why? Why split it at all?
Rabbi Shulman starts by discussing our custom of opening the door before הלל (the section of the seder). He connects it to a comment in the gemara about the “real” seder, in Jerusalem:
A real seder, with a קרבן פסח in ירושלים, is a re-enactment of the night of יציאת מצרים. Our seder is only a re-enactment of that re-enactment. But if we feel it, we should want to shout our הלל from the rooftops. But there is a halachic catch:
The הלל of ליל הסדר is not the הלל of כל פרק ופרק, a הלל of קריאה. At the סדר, חייב אדם לראות את עצמו כאילו הוא יצא ממצרים, and so when we relive מגיד and eat our קרבן פסח, we say הלל as שירה, and that can’t be bottled up inside. We rush outside to share our celebration: הללו את ה׳ כל גוים…כי גבר עלינו חסדו.
כזיתא פסחא והלילא פקע איגרא.
That’s the introduction and conclusion of הלל, the instruction to praise הקב״ה. The rest of פרק קיג describes the kind of praise (we don’t get into actual details until the next perek). And that praise is that of Motel Kamzoil:
G-d is all-powerful, all-knowing, but still pays attention to us nobodies:
ה׳ is great but still lowers Himself as it were to answer our prayers:
We note that the end of this perek is
very similar to שירת חנה:
But שירת חנה is different; she is quoting הלל (as we’ve said, it’s older than David) but she is using for her own purposes.
חנה is singing a song of victory over her rivals; not only is מושיבי עקרת הבית but also רבת בנים אמללה. We are not studying שירת חנה and how it is a נבואה of the future מלכות, but it serves as a contrast to the pure celebration of this part of הלל.