We ended the last shiur talking about holding on to the “Tree of Life”, as a metaphor for חכמה. Shlomo now looks at G-d’s חכמה:
In the context of ספר משלי, human חכמה, בינה and דעת are all about the use of our minds to decide the right and good behavior. Here we use the same terms to describe ה׳. But that’s not the same thing. For many of ה׳‘s attributes, we talk about הלכת בדרכיו, imitating G-d. But we can’t imitate ה׳’s knowlege; our intellect is by definition limited.
So when we use the terms חכמה, בינה and דעת about ה׳, it is a metaphor. אמת for ה׳ is very different from אמת for human beings, but they are related.
And the point of that relationship is through the Torah:
Our imitatio dei in חכמה is not to pretend to have god-like חכמה, but that we use our חכמה to create the universe, Robert Cover’s normative world, the social world in which we live, to be מקיים עלמא. The midrash continues:
So the word אמת means something different from the divine אמת, and so there is a different meaning for the intelligence to understand that אמת, but ה׳ gives us the gift to determine our אמת.
Shlomo advises us to keep that in mind.
We defined תשיה in The Widening Gyre as Torah considered as the source of reality:
So when Shlomo advises us אז תלך לבטח דרכך when we keep ה׳'s creation in mind, it could be a reference to the way that contemplating the vastness of creation inspires our awe.
And ספר משלי emphasizes the importance of יראת ה׳ to ethics (משלי א:ז): יראת ה׳ ראשית דעת. But I think that here Shlomo means something different.
נצר תשיה ומזמה: Keep in mind ה׳'s חכמה, בינה and דעת in the creation of the world. Use that as your מזמה, maintain your mindfulness, and that will guide you how to act: do the things that preserve the world that ה׳ created.
Have the faith that that רשעים will be punished, destroyed in the end.
But you, who are acting in good faith, can be reassured. ה׳ יהיה בכסלך; ושמר רגלך מלכד, even in our foolishness. You are not going to get everything right; you are only human. In משלי, כסיל is a particular kind of fool: one with the self-assurance to not need to think any more. We all are like that, so we need to keep ה׳'s omniscience in mind, and then we will remember that we have primitive monkey brains, and that will שמר רגלך מלכד.
Now Shlomo tells us what the fundamental heuristic is. Mishlei’s mussar message number five: Tit for tat.
The advice is not אל תריב עם אדם ever; that is a recipe for inviting abuse. אל תריב עם אדם חנם אם לא גמלך רעה means that being nice has to be your default, but be prepared to punish wrongdoers.
That’s not just a moral decision, but it can be demonstrated that it is the best strategy for the long-term survival of society. That will take some exposition.
Life isn’t a zero-sum game. Ideally, we can both win. Or, we could both lose. Unfortunately, if I help you and you take advantage of me without helping in return, I end up losing. So both of us, trying to do the best we can, refuse to cooperate and so we both lose. This is called “The Prisoner’s Dilemma”, which is the basis for computer simulations of competition.
If the prisoners could communicate, the best strategy is to not confess (call that “cooperation”). But each prisoner thinks, “If I don’t confess, and the other guy does, I go to jail for 20 years. If I do confess, and he does, that goes down to 5 years.” His logic leads him to confess (call that “defecting”, doing something that hurts the other). So both end up doing the worst thing for themselves. There’s no good strategy for this game.
But there’s another downside to betraying the other: we are going to keep interacting. What I do now will influence what everyone else does to me later. The extended prisoner’s dilemma is a better model for society, and there is a winning strategy for that: cooperate unless the other side betrays.
Which all adds up to a nice way of saying that, in the world that ה׳ created, including the rules of mathematics, אל תחרש על רעך רעה; והוא יושב לבטח אתך is not just the law; it’s a good idea.
Shlomo ends the perek with the reassurance that nice guys don’t finish last.
The reward for the חכמים is כבוד, which is a little odd, because we usually think of כבוד as a bad thing.
We have a
יצר הרע for כבוד. The Maharal, explaining why הקנאה והתאוה והכבוד destroy a person’s world, says each of these relate to an aspect of our selves:
There are
many names for this tripartite “life force”: צומח-חי-מדבר or נפש-רוח-נשמה; for Plato, epithymetikon (appetite)-thymoeides (emotion)-logistikon (reasoning).
All the
different aspects of what we call יצר הרע come from different aspects of our selves. כבוד is the יצר הרע that comes from our intelligence, specifically our ability to talk, to communicate, to relate to others. It’s often translated as “honor” but it’s about how we fit into society, what in modern parlance is called “status”. We are social primates, and what matters to us is where we fall in the hierarchy of our hominid troop.
So it
sounds like כבוד is a bad thing, which is what the mishna said, but here in ספר משלי we have כבוד חכמים ינחלו. The truth is that יצר הרע shouldn’t be considered not “evil” per se; it represents the urges of a person to meet their own needs as opposed to a higher purpose. But (משנה אבות א:יד) אם אין אני לי, מי לי? I do have to pay attention to my own survival and flourishing.
We have examples of how critical the יצר הרע is, in the gemara that talks about the end of prophecy:
In other words, it is the יצר הרע for עבודה זרה that makes נבואה possible. The אנשי כנסת הגדולה decided לא איהו בעינן, ולא אגריה בעינן, and we lost an important part of our world. It is the יצר הרע for תאוה that makes reproduction possible. And
just like we need the יצר הרע for תאוה, we need the יצר הרע for כבוד. It’s what makes us want to interact with others; those without that יצר הרע are called sociopaths.
But status is a funny thing. You can’t directly work for it.
So the יצר הרע for כבוד is an important part of what allows the social universe to survive. Just like שאלולי יצר הרע [לתאוה]…לא נשא [אדם] אשה, ולא הוליד, and אלולי יצר הרע [לקנאה] לא בנה אדם בית…ולא נשא ונתן, so too the יצר הרע לכבוד is what allows the structure of an organized society to flourish, to avoid Hobbes’s “life in the state of nature..nasty, brutish and short”. The key is to realize that you can’t (or at least shouldn’t) achieve status by dominating others; you have to be the sort of person that others grant status to, and כבוד חכמים ינחלו.