The next perek I want to look at is a שיר ידידת, a love song.
The expression ביום חתונתו וביום שמחת לבו is of course from שיר השירים:
And the Malbim
makes the point that this is very much like שיר השירים, a love song; in this case it seems to be a wedding song sung to a king and a princess.
The parallel to שיר השירים is important, because it reminds us that the fact that is included in תנ״ך means we have to read it as a religious text, while not losing its surface meaning. This perek is the locus classicus for the idea that אין מקרא יוצא מידי פשוטו:
We have mentioned many times that פשט includes metaphors and symbolism, but here
everyone agrees that the metaphoric reading, of חרב as דברי תורה, is דרש. The פשט reading here is literal. But we need to look at the metaphor as well.
The Artscroll Tehillim reads ששנים as a pun on שֶׂשֹנִים, those who study.
The “warrior king” here is the Torah scholar.
We see that metaphor elsewhere in תהילים:
We looked at the lists of David’s warriors in To Form a More Perfect Union, and how the midrash saw all those stories as descriptions of accomplishments in Torah.
The perek (as פשט) continues to describe how wonderful this king is, now in peacetime:
This king is a human being, sitting on כסא אלקים. The throne of Israel is the throne of G-d.
Similarly, fighting the wars of Israel is fighting the wars of G-d.
But within the metaphor, it is the Torah scholar is sitting on the “throne of G-d”.
The perek continues to describe the king’s finery:
In the sense of the metaphor, the royal consort of the king, the שגל, is the Torah itself:
And the Torah turns that metaphor into a physical symbol:
Then the volta: the psalmist turns their attention from the king to his bride:
In the sense of the metaphor, the בת מלך is the Jewish people as a whole, who are to submit to the authority of the Torah (as explained by חז״ל):
And בת צר could be taken as an apostrophe; the בת מלך is בת צר. But the מפרשים take the phrase בת צר as the subject of the verse; the inhabitants of Tyre, the rich Phonecian merchants, will pay seek your favor, if you listen to the Torah scholars (הטי אזנך):
Tyre is the symbol of wealth through trade rather than war. It is an admirable model, but it is purely materialistic, with no space for the spiritual. In תנ״ך, Tyre is the counterpoint to Jerusalem:
The Jewish people have to choose between Tyre and Jerusalem.
So the psalmist adjures the בת מלך: what are her priorities? Will she follow צור or ירושלים?
But if she chooses correctly, Tyre will bring tribute: במנחה פניך יחלו עשירי עם. And then כל כבודה בת מלך פנימה, which is one of the sources for the concept of צניעות. The other is the pasuk from מיכה:
This emphasizes that צניעות is not about sleeve length; it is maintaining the distinction between the private and public domains.
In the metaphor of שיר השירים, even ביום חתנתו וביום שמחת לבו there is a place for צניעות:
And that’s the way Malbim understands Michah (and I would understand our perek): צניעות means not showing off how religious you are. מצוות are not to gain status.
And so the princess (כנסת ישראל) marries the king (חז״ל) and they live happily ever after:
תחת אבתיך יהיו בניך tells us that we can restore the glory of the relationship that ה׳ had with the אבות: