We’ve been dealing with the service that David set up when he brought the ארון to Jerusalem, and the תהילים that were said there. Part of that service was the singing of the לויים, under the leadership of Asaf:
Who was Asaf? There were three leaders of the Levites, one from each of Levi’s sons:
We’re going to look at the roles of these three, אסף, הימן and איתן (who is probably called ידותון in later chapters of דברי הימים; we’ll deal with that later). They were more than just singers; they wrote תהילים as well:
Note that ר׳ יוחנן can’t claim that אסף was literally one of בני קרח but ואחיו אסף העמד על ימינו (which isn’t literal either). He was one of the three “singing Levites”, called בני קרח. And he was one of the most prolific. 73 chapters of תהילים are attributed לדוד; the next most common is the 12 chapters attributed לאסף. Whether they were all written by him or dedicated to him, we will have to deal with later.
And Asaf was more than a singer and a poet:
And his role as a נביא informed his role as an author of תהילים. A נביא comes not to give new laws but to remind you of what you already knew:
Many Asaf’s chapters of תהילים are written to comfort th‘ afflicted and afflict th’ comfortable. We looked at תהילים עח a while ago, which had an implicit warning to מלכות דוד. I want to look at a perek that is very familiar to us, the שיר של יום for Tuesday:
עדת אל could be “in the community of G-d” or “community of the powerful”, but the parallel קרב אלהים has to be the latter. Assuming it’s not an endorsement of idolatry, we have to translate אלהים as judges. It’s an example of antanaclasis (“We must, indeed, all hang together or, most assuredly, we shall all hang separately”):
At this point, it sounds like a good thing:
But the judges that Asaf is addressing are getting it all wrong: they are תשפטו עול.
שפטו והצדיקו
But the judges in the Torah’s view have a very specific role that has to balance two contradictory impulses: שפטו והצדיקו, be both just and righteous.
פלטו דל ואביון
And they have to go beyond simply judging the cases that happen to come before them. They have to seek out and uproot injustice:
ימוטו כל מוסדי ארץ
But these judges are ignorant of their role and blind to the danger they pose to society as a whole. Asaf is saying that without justice, the whole world falters.
This is expressed in the Mishna:
This mishna contrasts with the more famous one at the beginning of Avot:
תורה, עבודה and גמילות החסדים are the religious responsibilities of each individual. דין, אמת and שלום are the responsibilities of society and its leaders:
אני אמרתי אלהים אתם
Perverting justice turns the powerful from the highest level that humanity can attain to the lowest:
כאדם תמותון
And their sin is as bad as the sin of the עץ הדעת:
קומה שפטה הארץ
But in the end justice depends only on ה׳:
And he ends with the prayer that ה׳ judge our judges (and by extension, all of us) in light of human imperfection:
And this returns to the theme of the first pasuk, but now asking that ה׳ remain בעדת אל and בקרב אלהים:
The next perek by אסף that I want to look at is a criticism of בני ישראל's religious failings, their בין אדם למקום:
This psalm starts with a declaration that ה׳ is the All-mighty judge (א־ל אלקים) Who appears out of Jerusalem (ציון מכלל יפי) to manifest over all the earth. ממזרח שמש עד מבאו is a merism meaning everywhere, “from east to west”; not “from dawn to sunset”, meaning at all times. The terms are similar to Moshe’s language in describing מעמד הר סיני:
And the language calling the heaven and earth as witnesses is similar:
Why? לדין עמו. The commentators almost universally translate this as “judge on behalf of His people”:
But the sense of the rest of the perek is “judge His people”; this is a psalm of rebuke, a list of the things Israel has done wrong. The gemara sees it this way as well:
And the call is to gather חסידי, כרתי בריתי. I would translate עלי זבח as “about the sacrifices”. The image is of G-d as judge, in court, with Israel in front of Him. All we know is that the agenda involves זבח.
Then, סלה, a musical pause, “hold that thought”.
But ה׳ assures them, it’s not really about the sacrifices. לא על זבחיך אוכיחך. The sacrifices are fine. They’re always there, עולתיך לנגדי תמיד. You keep offering Me animals.
But I don’t need animals; כי לי כל חיתו יער.
That’s the message of this perek: you are missing the point of the קרבנות.ה׳ doesn’t need dead animals; ה׳ wants תודה, gratitude and acknowledgment; and שלם לעליון נדריך, honesty; and קראני ביום צרה, sincere prayer.
This theme is found throughout the נביאים:
The hypocrisy of בני ישראל is the problem; you may be able לספר חקי and תשא בריתי but it is only עלי פיך. All the Torah learning in the world doesn’t matter if שנאת מוסר.
אם ראית גנב ותרץ עמו: The Targum translates תרץ as רְהֵטְתָא, running. You actually joined with the thieves in their sin. Radak says it’s more subtle (Artscroll translates תרץ as “sanctioned”):
Again, Asaf is rebuking them for their hypocrisy. And it will grow until you find yourself slandering even בבן אמך תתן דפי.
The fact that I (ה׳) let you get away with this for so long—אלה עשית והחרשתי doesn’t mean that the punishment will not come.
But your mistake was to think that I was like you, as hypocritical and ignorant as you:
Radak adds the point that once the hypocritical “צדיקים” reach the point of דמית היות אהיה כמוך, then they are שנאת מוסר and will no longer accept rebuke. There is no point in ה׳'s mercy if there is no hope of תשובה:
And the only hope of salvation is to truly honor ה׳; more than יכבדני, you must יכבדנני:
And how do you get to this point? זבח תודה—understood not as “a thanksgiving offering” but “offering gratitude and acknowledgment”. And then ה׳ will help us return:
And that is the purpose of a נביא, and the message of אסף הַנִּבָּא על ידי המלך.