There is a lot of repetition in ספר משלי, as Shlomo returns to the same themes over and over. For something like Mussar, repetition is not a bad thing; we call that reinforcement. It’s the only way to learn and retain anything. But generally there’s a new twist each time.
This image of keeping the Torah and wearing it as jewelry has come up many times before (and it echoes the mitzvah of tefillin) but here the text adds the three-part בהתהלכך…בשכבך…והקיצות.
At one level, this continues the tefillin idea and says that you will be protected as a reward for learning Torah as commanded in שמע:
But there is another way to interpret this, as a hint to life after death.
Which brings up the interesting question of whether there is an explicit idea of עולם הבא—life after death, the immortality of the soul—in תנ״ך. Even if we read it here as a metaphor (this is ספר משלי, after all), it still needs to be legible to readers of the text. Many academics say that there was no concept of life after death in the time of תנ״ך; that it was a later, foreign, concept that was adopted by the Rabbis. I disagree; it’s explicit in Daniel:
Yeshaya seems to describe it, though that may be metaphoric:
The argument against the immortality of the soul is made by Shlomo himself in the beginning of קוהלת:
But if he is arguing against it, the concept clearly existed; קוהלת is all about proposing heretical ideas and rejecting them. In the end he concludes that in fact the soul will return to its creator.
משלי, however, doesn’t deal with these kind of metaphysical ideas, so I would read this pasuk as פשט; the Torah is our guide in all our activities of daily life. כי נר מצוה ותורה אור:
Each individual מצווה is a candle, a little bit of spiritual illumination. Torah as a whole is a much brighter, longer-lasting light.
But all the light in the world doesn’t help if you don’t know where you are going. So Shlomo concludes that מוסר is the דרך חיים.
And then Shlomo returns to the central metaphor of Mishlei: חכמת התורה as a woman, and עבודה זרה and חכמה זרה as a foreign woman. They say you should write what you know, and Shlomo certainly knew his חכמה and his women.
Adultery leads to bad consequences.
Now, we have seen this metaphor before many times.
And the corresponding metaphor of Torah, the true חכמה, as your true love
So why does Rashi emphasize this now? I think because there is
a change in the metaphor. The נכריה is no longer a אשה זונה but an אשת איש. If we take the text literally, then adultery, with an אשת איש, is far worse (and more dangerous). But if אשת נעורך represents Torah and the נכריה represents “foreign” חכמה that tries to seduce you intellectually, then who is the husband? It would have to be those foreign nations whose חכמה we are emulating. But why would it matter that other nations have other values? The metaphor breaks down here; why not leave the אשת איש aspect out? Rashi says, no, the metaphor is still valid. He says the metaphee of the נכריה is עבודת גלולים, idol worship, but I don’t think משלי is talking about specifically religious issues, עבודה, as much as ethics, דרך ארץ. The model is the same; the נכריה is the ethical systems of other cultures, but those are intimately interconnected with what we call religion. And the Torah allows that other cultures can have their own religious systems.
In the אחרית הימים, כָּל הָעַמִּים יֵלְכוּ אִישׁ בְּשֵׁם אֱלֹהָיו! The Torah seems to say the same thing:
How can we say that ה׳ “אינו חושש” about non-Jews worshiping other gods? Isn’t the prohibition of עבודה זרה one of the שבעה מצוות בני נח?
The question is a complex one, but the Rama concludes that the halacha is that it is acceptable for non-Jews to believe in שיתוף, believing G-d has “partners” in running the universe:
Shlomo allows that other ethical systems may be “married”, have legitimate places in other cultures. But he is warning us that, no matter how attractive those other ethical cultures are, we need to remain true to the Torah. And that is hard, because he has also told us (as we saw in The Widening Gyre) that we should learn from other cultures.
In terms of the metaphor, you can talk to other women but don’t go home with them.
Let the other cultures perfect their forms of חכמה, and learn what can be a סולם לעלות בה אל חכמת התורה.
Importantly, Shlomo’s metaphor is consistent with this: היחתה איש אש בחיקו is about getting too close. Fire is a useful, even necessary technology. But it is very easy to get burned.
Shlomo continues:
Adultery is worse than crimes like theft. Theft, even if illegal, may be understandable. And the thief can pay back what he stole.
But I think there is another side to גנבה that fits into the metaphor.
If there are things to learn from other cultures, steal them. Make them your own, make them part of the whole edifice of Torah. Don’t “commit adultery” and be seduced by them.
Here, the metaphor breaks down. The betrayed “husband”, the other cultures, aren’t going to be jealous if the Jews learn from them. So Rashi has to take the metaphor in a different direction. The גבר who is jealous is the “father-in-law”, the One responsible for the Torah (as the bride), הקב״ה himself.
The next perek expands on the theme.
When Shlomo says אמר לחכמה אחתי את, he is not using
אחתי as a metaphor. It is a common תנ״ך idiom.
And that may be part of what is going on when the אבות call their wives “אחות”.
Clearly that’s not the whole story, because Avraham justifies himself not by claiming that Sarah was his “beloved” but that she was literally a kinswoman:
But it adds another dimension to the story. So here Shlomo is not saying that Torah should be your sister, but it should be your true love, a מדע, an intimate relation.
And then we go back to the אשה זרה.
The narrator is looking at the other women from the window of his own home. That’s OK; in Rabbi Carmy’s metaphor:
And then Shlomo goes into great detail about the seductiveness of the אשה זרה:
Rashi, as above, says that the איש who is אין…בביתו; הלך בדרך מרחוק, is referring to הקב״ה. The foreign wisdom says G-d won’t care, come into my house.
But I think we can read the metaphor more directly. This אשה זרה has prepared her bed but her husband has left. The wisdom of other cultures exists, but they don’t study it any more. David Goldman made this point in a review of Rav Lichtenstein’s article in Judaism’s Encounter with Other Cultures: Rejection or Integration?
So we almost feel sorry for the אשה זרה. If secular universities have abandoned Aristotle, who will learn him? The poor אשה זרה is perfumed with מר אהלים וקנמון but her husband has abandoned her.
We don’t know what Rav Lichtenstein would say, but we do have Shlomo’s response:
It’s not worth the risk. We can live without Aristotle; we can’t live without Torah.