We are going to go back to the beginning of the שירי המעלות.
This perek is explicitly about the Gossip Trap, as we talked about last time. Human beings are social primates and need to gossip. We determine our value by how we perceive how others perceive us.
And we can’t escape it. The psalmist looks for help: בצרתה לי קראתי.
The next pasuk is an apostrophe to the לשון הרע itself.
As it were, ה׳ Himself is at a loss about what to do with לשון הרע. To eliminate our need to talk about others is to stop us from being human.
The perek continues:
The gemara assumes the subject of the metaphor is הקב״ה, who attacks the בעל לשון הרע with His arrows and coals:
But I think the tenor of the perek goes better with the midrash, that takes the arrows and coals as the gossip itself. Yaakov, in his blessing to Yosef, says the archers hated him (בראשית מט:כג) וַיִּשְׂטְמֻהוּ בַּעֲלֵי חִצִּים:
לשון הרע has no limits in time or space.
The psalmist continues:
Where are משך and קדר, and why does it matter that he lived there? משך is a brother of יון, one of the European descendants of יפת:
And קדר was a descendant of ישמעאל:
One could take these nations as prophetic metonyms for the future oppressors of Israel: Christianity and Islam. But I think there is a different symbolism here. Israel was destined to go (בראשית טו יח) מנהר מצרים עד הנהר הגדל נהר פרת. We pointed out before that these are not borders:
The contrast then is between the “civilized” nations and the scattered nomads of Arabia and the barbarians of Europe (this is well before Greece and Rome).
(I’m pretty sure ארץ סינים doesn’t mean “China” but poetically it should)
The psalmist says he has lived among “barbarians”, and the problem of לשון הרע and שנאת חינם is much worse here, in Israel, at the supposed center of civilization:
And the perek ends there. It does not end on a hopeful note, but we have to realize that this is only the first step in a process. This is the first of the שירי המעלות; things will look up from here.
The next perek is (תהילים קכא) אשא עיני אל ההרים מאין יבא עזרי, which we dealt with in Old Wives’ Tales. It is about having faith in ה׳ and that help will come. Then comes (תהילים קכב) שמחתי באמרים לי בית ה׳ נלך, which we discussed in Zionism. There we see some of the aspects of speech that are כד הוה טב, לית טבה מניה.
The next perek is the response to the משפת שקר and מלשון רמיה of פרק קכ.
אליך נשאתי את עיני is the answer to אשא עיני אל ההרים מאין יבא עזרי. But we have to note that there are two metaphors for our relationship with הקב״ה:
Here, the psalmist is expressing only one of those.
The flip side of the Gossip Trap is Hobbes’s Leviathan. If everything is falling apart from לשון רמיה, then we need the absolute rule of a dictator to pull us out. We just want that dictator to be ה׳, not some human tyrant.
As Rabbi Haym Soloveitchik famously said:
We ask for חן, undeserved (חינם) mercy, because we can’t take the humiliation any more. רבת is an an unusual word; we saw it before referring to the שונא שלום and we will see it again in פרק קכט, referring to רַבַּת צְרָרוּנִי מִנְּעוּרַי. It means “too much”.
And here the perek ends, again on an apparently negative note.
We have “ascended” (תהילים פרק קכ) משפת שקר מלשון רמיה, through (תהילים פרק קכא) אשא עיני אל ההרים מאין יבא עזרי of and the hope of (תהילים פרק קכב) שמחתי באמרים לי בית ה׳ נלך to our perek. The answer to מאין יבא עזרי is
הנה כעיני עבדים אל יד אדוניהם. It is not a good answer, but at least it is an answer, and it leads from drowning in gossip (תהילים פרק קכד) המים שטפונו to being saved: הפח נשבר ואנחנו נמלטנו. The next perakim that talk of building Jerusalem: (תהילים פרק קכה) הר ציון לא ימוט,(תהילים פרק קכו) בשוב ה׳ את שיבת ציון and (תהילים פרק קכז) אם ה׳ לא יבנה בית. This series of שירי המעלות ends with
טוב ירושלם and שלום על ישראל is nice, but it represents a relationship with הקב״ה of כעיני עבדים אל יד אדוניהם. It is a relationship of מדת הדין. It the first flight of stairs to the true בית המקדש, but we can’t stop at the landing. As Rav Dessler says:
So we start another series of שירי המעלות, that will end with the last שיר המעלות, תהילים פרק קלד. That is a two-pasuk introduction to הלל הגדול. We discussed it in that context, in הלל הגדול. In the metaphor of the steps leading to the בית המקדש, we arrive at the doorway to the courtyard itself. The way to get there is via the penultimate perek, (תהילים פרק קלג) הנה מה טוב ומה נעים שבת אחים גם יחד. The second “flight of stairs” goes from מדת הדין to מדת האהבה, מדת הרחמים.
This section starts with a look at the difficult history of the psalmist/Israel (remembering that תהילים can apply both to the individual and the community):
The parallel is with פרק קכד:
But that perek had more of a sense of immediacy; this is רבת צררוני מנעורי, a historical look back, thanking ה׳ for saving us.
And the metaphor here is of a farmer abusing his oxen as he plows:
We were released from the anarchy of the State of Nature of פרק קכ, but ended up tied to the yoke of tyranny, the Leviathan. If we have no independence of thought, we are nothing more than animals. And ה׳ released us from that as well. So our enemies cannot abuse us, and their metaphoric crop fails:
חצן is a rare word that seems to refer to part of ones clothing for carrying things:
But however to translate it, there won’t be an עומר of wheat in it. And more:
If ה׳ made it so that the passers-by will not offer ברכת ה׳ to our enemies, then the
implication is that these enemies who abuse us are not just outside nations but fellow Jews, who should be greeting each other בשם ה׳. Back in פרק קכד it was ברוך ה׳… בשם ה׳ that broke us out of the trap:
And we need it again to break our bonds: קצץ עבות רשעים.
In the aggadah that started this series on שיר המעלות, David uses the שם ה׳ to control the raging waters:
The way we have interpreted this symbolism, the flood represents the Gossip Trap, and the arid waterless world is the Leviathan. The compromise is to call out בשם ה׳.
But greeting other people בשם ה׳ has a specific meaning:
The שם ה׳ we use in greeting is שלום.
And that, the invocation of שלום בין אדם לחבירו, is the next step up in the שירי המעלות.