The first of the appendices to ספר שמואל is a tragic story that starts “בימי דוד”:
Who were the Givonim?
It’s not clear what המית את הגבענים means; there is no recorded death of Givonim in תנ״ך. But (spoiler alert!) the story gets worse from here. Whatever the crime was, the Givonim want revenge, and David hands over almost all of Saul’s surviving descendants. The Givonim kill them all.
It’s a terrible story. You could read this story as David’s Machiavellian plan to eliminate any competition for the throne:
And this is how Yochi Brandes presents the story in The Secret Book of Kings. In fact, one of my complaints about The Secret Book of Kings is that it doesn’t give much time to this story; if you want to portray King David as a heartless monster, you couldn’t do better than this perek. But Brandes only gives two pages to it.
Be that as it may, I think it’s the wrong way to read this perek (as we will see). I would read it as the story of “David and the Trolley”.
David will be faced with a choice, between a nation in the grip of a multi-year drought, and seven innocent men. There are wrong ways to approach the question:
But there is no right way. We will look at this perek with the approach of Emmanuel Levinas, in his Nine Talmudic Readings.
Levinas was a French philosopher who emphasized our ethical responsibility to “the Other”; we cannot treat others as objects but must respect their own subjective identity. He actually did learn from a mysterious “authentic Talmudic master”:
But first we need to look at the story itself. It takes place בימי דוד; it doesn’t say ויהי אחרי כן. It is not part of the narrative sequence of the previous chapters. We have a similar expression in the beginnings of other books:
This perek is its own little book, merged into the larger ספר שמואל.
When d0es this story take place? סדר עולם reads ספר שמואל chronologically, taking this story as happening after פרק כ, in the last years of David’s life. But it is hard to understand why Israel would be punished for Saul’s sin (which we will have to figure out), 30+ years later. So Rabbi Shulman assumes this takes place at the beginning of David’s reign, soon after Saul’s death (we still would have to understand why Saul himself wasn’t punished, and why the nation as a whole was punished). This is the opinion of the פרקי דרבי אליעזר:
But Abarbanel quotes this same פרקי דרבי אליעזר to support the סדר עולם:
There is internal evidence that this רעב took place before Avshalom’s rebellion; as David is running away from Jerusalem, he is cursed by שמעי בן גרא:
Why would שמעי blame David for דמי בית שאול? And David doesn’t protest; he says שמעי is right. David wasn’t responsible for the death of Saul and his sons in battle; that was the Philistines. And Saul’s son Ishboshet was killed by his own men; David had the assassins publicly killed. But (spoiler alert!) in this story, שמואל ב פרק כא, David will tragically be directly responsible for the death of almost all Saul’s descendants.
I presented my opinion about the chronology of this רעב שלש שנים when we looked at שמואל ב פרק ט in Once Upon a Midnight Dreary. I will restate that here.
There is a paragraph break in our pasuk: ויבקש דוד את פני ה׳, then a break, then ויאמר ה׳. There was a gap between the time David started looking for a reason for the drought, and ה׳'s final answer.
But the אורים ותומים don’t necessarily give explicit responses. ה׳ wants us to think about the consequences of our own behavior, not look for magical answers. We have multiple examples when the אורים ותומים are misleading:
And this seems to be another example of this: even when he gets an answer, it’s not clear: אל שאול ואל בית הדמים, “Look at Saul and the house of blood”, על אשר המית את הגבענים, “because he killed the Givonim”. What does that mean?
The gemara says that the process of looking for an answer was just that, a process:
Rabbi Yehonasan Eybeschutz connected this to two other midrashim:
There was a point in time when, every morning, the leaders of the people would tell David, עמך ישראל צריכין פרנסה. And he would tell them: לכו ופשטו ידיכם בגדוד. Go out to war; plunder other nations. Don’t ask me for money. That point in time must have been a time of famine, a time of drought. And the only drought we know about is the one in our perek.
So Rabbi Eybeschutz claims the drought of our perek is contemporary with David’s מלחמות רשות, which are described in פרק ח. And this makes sense, since after the drought we will see (שמואל ב כא:ז) ויחמל המלך על מפיבשת בן יהונתן בן שאול; על שבעת ה׳ אשר בינתם בין דוד ובין יהונתן בן שאול, and after the wars of פרק ח the text has the story of מפיבשת in פרק ט: ויאמר המלך האפס עוד איש לבית שאול ואעשה עמו חסד אלקים…ויבא מפיבשת בן יהונתן בן שאול אל דוד.
So I would place the רעב שלש שנים in the period of time before the affair with Bat Sheva, when David is engaged in expanding his empire. He is focused not on his glory but on כבוד ה׳, planning for the future בית המקדש. But he is not thinking about what the people need. As he is seeking the possible spiritual causes for the drought, he narrows it down to a problem of פוסקי צדקה…ואין נותנין, then אין הדבר תלוי אלא בי. And he is given an answer: אל שאול ואל בית הדמים על אשר המית את הגבענים.
And how that connects to the problem of עמך ישראל צריכין פרנסה we will have to see.