The last perek of תהילים that we will look at is the one where David says, simply, “Thank You”.
נגד אלהים refers not to ה׳ but to the elite: I will thank ה׳ in public.
We see this use of אלהים often in תנ״ך:
He thanks ה׳ “על חסדך ועל אמתך”, which is a common hendiadys in תנ״ך.
True gratitude is acknowledging that ה׳'s חסד is חסד של אמת; nothing we can do will repay Him.
And then David continues, הגדלת על כל שמך אמרתך.
אמרתך is what You have said to do for me; שמך is Your reputation, what I have heard about Your חסד in the past. The truth, my personal experience, is far beyond that.
And what was that חסד של אמת? ביום קראתי ותענני and then
תרהבני בנפשי עז. רהב is a rare word; most commonly it is a poetic name for Egypt, but here it means “reputation for greatness”.
So, תרהבני בנפשי עז would mean “You have made me great by imbuing my soul with strength”; In other words, “You have let me be the best that I can be”.
And then David turns to the other kings of the nations; they need to thank ה׳ as well.
There is a concept that kings (or any political leader) rule as the representative of the One True King; in Europe that became the justification for absolute monarchy.
But תהילים's conception of the divine right of kings is the opposite. It means that the king has a greater responsibility, and less free will, than ordinary people.
And then David expresses his
gratitude by acknowledging his lowly beginnings.
And נתן had told him:
This perek brings us
back full circle to a generation before David’s birth, when חנה sang her שירה about the future king:
And that חסד של אמת has continued through today:
And it extends into the future:
ה׳ יגמר בעדי: G-d will finish what He planned for me, even if I will not be alive to see it.
That future, the חסד לעולם that still needs to be completed, is the ultimate מעשי ידיך.
The בית המקדש was the center of David’s life and purpose, and it would always be called his.
And now at last we come to David’s last words, the climax of the chiasmatic appendix to ספר שמואל. If we just read them, they don’t make any sense:
This is not a perek of תהילים; these are David’s notes for his final perek, one that he will never finish.
So read these seven psukim as the notes for the autobiography of King David. He starts by describing himself in four parts:
דוד בן ישי
הגבר הקם על
משיח אלקי יעקב
נעים זמרות ישראל
Those four define David’s self-identity, the way he sees his role in history.
דוד בן ישי
בן ישי means that he is connected to the chain of leadership that goes back to Yaakov.
And each of those progenitors provides a model for David’s leadership; we looked at that in Brotherly Love. We specifically looked at יהודה and תמר, and בעז and רות, and how their acts of יבום were profoundly acts of חסד, acts demonstrating that they were were willing to sacrifice to provide for other. The story of נחשון leading the way into ים סוף is another act of חסד for the community. That kind of חסד של אמת, unrequited mercy, is a prerequisite for a מלך ישראל. And David’s father was a leader as well:
ישי is seen as a military leader and a Torah scholar.
בא באנשים is a description of a Jewish king; he doesn’t stay behind but leads from the front.
And that is who David was.
הגבר הקם על
Literally, that is “he who has been raised on high”. But חז״ל saw in that self-description a reference to what made David truly great, his ability to do תשובה. We looked at that extensively in Peccavi.
עולה של תשובה is generally understood as עֹולָהּ: ”the yoke of repentance“. David by admitting his guilt with Bat Sheva becomes the exemplar of someone who bears the burden of repentance. The Maharsha says that’s not what the gemara is talking about; it’s not a “yoke” of repentance but an עֹולָה, the “burnt offering” of repentance:
The עולה is a tool for תשובה. It is the only קרבן that can be correctly translated as “sacrifice”. ה׳ doesn’t need it, we do, to put ourselves in the correct frame of mind to change:
David’s עולה של תשובה teaches us about the power of תשובה not only to atone for a specific wrong but to allow us to grow beyond the state of being a “sinner”. He could have justified himself, but simply says (שמואל ב יב:יג) חטאתי לה׳. We all make mistakes, but we can grow from those mistakes.
There is a famous letter that Rav Hutner wrote to one of his students.
That is the gift of הגבר הקם על.
משיח אלקי יעקב
David was specifically the anointed of אלקי יעקב, a fact that he recapitulates in תהילים פרק קלב.
We talked about this in Sitting in Yeshiva. Yaakov first made an oath to build a בית המקדש, and David saw himself as the one to fulfill that mission.
David was משיח אלקי יעקב, the one to build the בית אלקים.
נעים זמרות ישראל
That is usually translated as “sweet singer of Israel” but Rav Eisemann takes נעים as a verb: “lends delight to [sweetens] the songs of Israel”. Tehillim have their power because they are not about David; they are about all of us; they are our songs. We just don’t have the words to express what we feel, so David does that for us.
But I would say that each one is כנגד עצמו and כנגד ציבור. David’s expressions are ours.
רוח ה׳ דבר בי
That summarizes the ways that David defined himself. Then he says, רוח ה׳ דבר בי.
Was David a נביא? That’s not clear.
The Targum defines this רוח ה׳ as רוּחַ נְבוּאָה:
But Rashi defines this רוח ה׳ as bravery and power:
And Radak assumes that these, דברי דוד האחרנים, reflect David’s sense that he no longer has רוח הקדש. As Rav Eisemann says, “something very…important, was beginning to slip away from him”.
But the Rambam says that there is a difference between true נבואה, the sense of communication with הקב״ה, and רוח הקדש, which is the sense of being inspired by but not “talking to” הקב״ה.
And ספר תהילים reflects a variety of levels of רוח הקודש:
So does רוח ה׳ דבר בי refer to his divinely inspired poetry or his divinely inspired military prowess? Yes. This is the first stage of David’s career, as poet and military leader.
מושל באדם צדיק
Then comes the second stage of David’s career: he cannot avoid his destiny; he will be the ruler of Israel.
ג וילך דוד משם מצפה מואב; ויאמר אל מלך מואב יצא נא אבי ואמי אתכם עד אשר אדע מה יעשה לי אלקים׃
ה ויאמר גד הנביא אל דוד לא תשב במצודה לך ובאת לך ארץ יהודה; וילך דוד ויבא יער חרת׃
It’s important to note that מושל באדם צדיק is two separate phrases:
מוֹשֵׁל֙ בָּאָדָ֔ם צַדִּ֕יק; the trop makes it clear that מושל באדם and צדיק are different things. David needs to be both.
And then he also is a מושל יראת אלקים which I would translate as “ruler with יראת אלקים”.
יראה implies a sense of separation. יראת אלקים means making a place for ה׳. Rav Hutner explains that יראת אלקים is our imitation dei of ה׳'s צמצום:
And then he continues by citing the Ramban, explaining זכור ושמור שניהם נאמרו בדיבור אחד:
Just as ה׳ created a space for Man, we create a space for ה׳ by avoiding certain actions, the מצוות לא תעשה. Creating holy spaces is also a way of creating space in our world for ה׳, which is why the building of the משכן parallels the creation of the world. ה׳ creates the universe for us, and we create the מקדש for ה׳.
So David expresses מושל יראת אלקים by his desire to build the בית המקדש. But there is an aspect that is missing.
The place of the בית המקדש can’t just be a place for עבודת ה׳; that is only half the Torah. It has to symbolize a place where וישבתם בטח, where everyone can live together. It needs to be a place that symbolizes אהבה as well as יראה. And David needs to be a מושל באדם and צדיק.
He does his best:
And that is how David starts his reign.
וכאור בקר יזרח שמש
And he starts with this infinite potential, כאור בקר יזרח שמש.
And that light was מנגה ממטר דשא מארץ, which I would translate (from the Metsudah translation) “brighter than the glint of rain on the grass”. It is a reference to the first “king” of the Jewish people, משה רבינו:
David’s kingship could have been brighter than Moshe’s.
כי ברית עולם שם לי
But, כי לא כן ביתי. That is ambiguous: my house is not like that—what is “that”? Ralbag says it’s Shaul’s dynasty:
But לא כן ביתי may be referring to the previous pasuk; “my house, my dynasty” will not be all bright and sunny. The word בית in David’s life is ambiguous.
And both my dynasty and my “house”, the בית המקדש that will be built, will see darkness.
כי ברית עולם שם לי means “Though I have an eternal covenant”, one that is ערוכה בכל ושמרה. But that doesn’t mean that his dynasty will never be punished.
And so he ends this pasuk with a rhetorical question: כי כל ישעי וכל חפץ כי לא יצמיח? ”Should not my salvation, my desires, flourish?“ But that isn’t such a simple question, as the next pasuk makes clear.
בליעל
ובליעל כקוץ מנד כלהם: the wanton are like thorns to be pushed aside.
Where David is הגבר הקם על, the forces that would destroy him represent the lack of עול, of control. Chaos is what led to the tragedies of ספר שופטים:
The בליעל leads to the destruction of משכן שילה:
And would surround David himself:
And would threaten to split the kingdom at the end of his reign (and in fact would split the kingdom in the reign of his grandson):
And specifically the בליעל are compared to thorns. The thing about thorns is that throughout תנ״ך, the thornbush is associated with kindling, spreading fire, rather than the pain of being pricked with thorns. The קוץ only supports a small flame that doesn’t do much damage, but it spreads into an uncontrollable wildfire that destroys everything.
The gemara takes that as metaphor as well:
And the crackling of the burning קוץ is a metaphor for לשון הרע.
And we’ve talked about (in שיר המעלות) the chaos that comes from לשון הרע, and that was the one thing that David felt would overwhelm his kingdom. These are the כל איש רע ובליעל.
ובאש שרוף ישרפו
ואיש יגע בהם ימלא ברזל ועץ חנית: Rav Eisemann translates, “Whoever would touch them must wear armor and provide himself with a spear”, which follows Rashi:
But it could be a consequence: touching the בליעל, getting involved in any way, leads to violence, ימלא ברזל ועץ חנית. There’s no way to avoid it. David saw that with Avshalom and Sheva ben Bichri.
The burning thorns is the very model of the worst kind of king:
איש יגע בהם will end up a despot and burn everything down.
But ובאש שרוף ישרפו בַּשָּׁבֶת isn’t necessarily a negative conclusion. Rav Eisemann translates שבת as “Wherever they make their home”. But Rashi says it refers to ה׳'s judgement:
If we, with ה׳'s help, just burn away the קוצים, we could see the ultimate גאולה.
And so דברי דוד האחרנים end with David’s last glimpse of רוח הקודש, looking at the ideal future that echoes the last נבואה in the history of the Jewish people, a vision of the world of justice to come:
David couldn’t complete the psalm that summarized his life. We know the aggadah about the last day of David’s life:
I have this image—based on nothing in the text or our tradition—just a nice thought. David is looking at his notes for this, his autobiographical swan song. It’s שבת, so he can’t write anything down, but he’s finally put it together in a way that will cap all of ספר תהילים. At that moment, he looks up and is distracted, אישתיק, he is silent and the מלאך המות takes him. We never learn the real דברי דוד האחרנים.
But we will conclude our study of ספר תהילים and the life of דוד המלך with a look back at שירת חנה, the introductory “psalm” to ספר שמואל:
ה׳ will give eternal strength to His king. As long as we learn, recite and sing תהילים, we can say דוד מלך ישראל חי וקים.