This is our introduction to Shlomo. Who was Shlomo, and why should we care about his proverbs? The text emphasizes that he was בן דוד, and that is how we first meet him in ספר שמואל:
And then he disappears until David’s deathbed scene. He does not appear at all in the rest of ספר שמואל.
Now, he is clearly a young man (סדר עולם estimates that Shlomo is 12 years old at the time), and there are older sons who would seem to warrant being the crown prince. When and why David did swear to make Shlomo king? There is no record of such an oath. Radak says it must have happened; that is what וינחם דוד את בת שבע means.
And the נבואה that led to David’s oath was ה׳'s promise to him when he was told that he would not build the בית מקדש:
And that is what happens.
And one thing we know about Shlomo: he is good at politics (or at least palace intrigue; the kind of politics that kept you from being assasinated in an ancient monarchy). David acknowleges that Shlomo is smart: ועשית כחכמתך.
Those political smarts help him after David dies:
Shlomo sees what his mother does not: taking the former king’s פלגש is an assertion of rulership. We talked about this in If This Be Treason.
And we see those smarts again in his manipulation of שמעי:
So he’s smart, but it’s in politics and staying alive. He has to be, if he was the heir apparent to David with all his older brothers gunning for the throne. But that doesn’t warrant writing a ספר of תנ״ך. For that, Shlomo develops a different kind of חכמה:
The חכמה he asks for is in a limited area: לב שמע לשפט את עמך להבין בין טוב לרע. He is asking for more understanding of how people work and how to get them to work together: the real meaning of politics. He is wise enough to realize that he is not wise enough at all, which for a teenager (really, for any human being) is a super-human level of wisdom. Famously, Socrates claimed that his wisdom was in knowing that he was not wise:
There’s a theme in תנ״ך, that ה׳ gives wisdom to those who are wise already.
You have to be smart enough to know what to do with wisdom for it to be valuable.
In Dungeons and Dragons, we distinguish between “intelligence” and “wisdom”. Shlomo had the wisdom to be able to use the intelligence.
So ה׳ gives him the חכמה he asks for, along with everything else, including more wisdom, in all sorts of areas:
The text says that Shlomo spoke about
three things: משלים, שירים, and scientific stuff: על העצים etc. We have an example of שיר:
We don’t have any of his scientific writings.
But we have an entire book of “משל”. What is a משל?
משל in the modern sense is “metaphor”, but it really is a מושל, a “rule”; it means a memorable expression (one that uses poetics and rhetoric) of fundamental truth about ethics, the right way to lead our lives.
It’s not really a “proverb”.
ספר משלי may be full of “instructive saying”s but they only became “commonly used”, “popular” when compiled into this text.
So Shlomo writes this book of his משלים, to teach חכמה, specifically the חכמה of להבין בין טוב לרע. Malbim says that this is the חכמה that is displayed in ספר משלי: חכמת התורה וחכמת המידות.
And each statement has levels of meaning; that’s what “poetics” is.
It’s important to note that we are not claiming that ספר משלי is נבואה, direct communication from הקב״ה. It is רוח הקודש, divinely inspired. It is what ה׳ had told him, הנה נתתי לך לב חכם ונבון.
So what we have here, Shlomo’s real חכמה, is divinely inspired rules for a divinely inspired life. Shlomo is teaching us what we call מוסר.
Learning משלי will be different from learning תהילים. For תהילים we had multiple sources for the life of David and could try to see how each perek fit into his life. We don’t have nearly as much material about Shlomo, so we will have to take משלי purely on its own terms as it tries to give each of us לב שמע לשפט…להבין בין טוב לרע.