Before we move on in the story of David and Jerusalem, I want to note a difference between the presentations in שמואל and דברי הימים.
In שמואל ב the order is:
David is crowned king
David takes Jerusalem
David’s foreign policy (Tyre, wives and Philistine wars)
David attempts to move the ark to Jerusalem
(the list of David’s warriors does not appear until פרק כג)
In דברי הימים א:
David is crowned king
David takes Jerusalem
David’s warriors
David’s army (does not appear in שמואל at all)
David attempts to move the ark to Jerusalem
David’s foreign policy (Tyre, wives and Philistine wars)
דברי הימים gives us more details on the people in David’s service, and tells the story of moving the ark earlier. Now the two narratives (moving the ark and the foreign policy) actually took place over the same period of time, so the order is a matter of which one has priority. דברי הימים also gives us details that are not present in שמואל:
And this side of David, the representative of the people, is noted by the midrash:
David says כי לא דרשנהו בימי שאול and includes himself in the transgression. דרישת ה׳ is incumbent on all of us:
As Isaiah says,
David will now correct this omission.
בעלי יהודה is another name for קרית יערים:
We need to review how the ארון got to קרית יערים:
David moves the ארון on a wagon. This is clearly an error, as we know from the Torah:
I’m going to focus on David’s error, not Uzzah’s, but I will say that this story is the haftorah for Parashat Shmini, and it is usually assumed that Uzzah had the same motivation as Nadav and Avihu, to be as close as possible to ה׳.
So why didn’t David do it right?
And it’s a reasonable opinion. The Rambam agrees that once the בית המקדש is built, the law does not apply.
And David presumably had a specific reason for putting the ארון on a wagon. Note that it is called ארון האלקים אשר נקרא שם שם ה׳ צבאות ישב הכרבים עליו, the name used to describe it when it was captured: ארון ברית ה׳ צבא־ות ישב הכרבים.
Note also that David goes with 30,000 men, exactly the number that fell when the ארון was taken. And when it was returned, it was sent on an עגלה חדשה by the Philistines.
David intends to undo the horrific event that led to the loss of the ארון. The return had started 20 years ago, with a sign from G-d when the cows pulling went straight back to Judah. They just stopped a little too early. David wants to allow the miracle to come to its logical conclusion: the wagon will be brought to הר ציון.
But ה׳ lets them know that this was wrong:
And Uzzah, seeing the cows stumble, instead of seeing it as a message, tries to “correct” it:
חז״ל see in David’s error a fundamental problem in his attitude toward the service of G-d:
There’s a hint to this in the wording. The initial attempt to move the ארון was with שחוק:
The second, successful attempt was with שמחה:
As Abarbanel notes,
What is the difference? We’ve dealt with this before: תהילים פרק כא says ה׳ בעזך ישמח מלך. שחוק is the response to things that are incongruous, that don’t fit together. We find humor in puns, pratfalls and the unexpected blessing, and to these we laugh. Sometimes the distance between what we want and what reality presents us with is so great, we say “if I don’t laugh, I’ll cry.” שמחה, joy, is different. שמחה is the feeling that things are as they should be, that everything has worked out, the feeling of נחת רוח: , ”all’s right with the world“, איזהו עשיר השמח בחלקו.
When things don’t make sense, we laugh. When they do make sense, we are happy:
שחוק isn’t the way we should do מצוות:
שחוק in the service of ה׳ implies boundaries are being violated, as Rabbi Bienfeld mentioned. The modern Hebrew word is פריצות, which we will deal with later.
So David did not approach the מצוה of building the בית המקדש with the right attitude. He took it too lightly (though with good intentions). I think the שחוק here wasn’t evil per se, but the party atmosphere that led Uzzah to not take the ארון seriously.
The Arc of the Covenant
There’s no way I can avoid this:
Is that reasonable? was Uzzah killed by an electric discharge?
Capacitance is ε0εrAd, where ε0<sub> is the permittivity of vacuum, 8.84e−12 Fm; εr<sub> is the relative permittivity of wood, 2; A is the area of the plates, (using an amah of 18 inches) 3.3 square meters; d is the separation between the plates (according to יומא עב,ב this is 1 tephach) 0.0762 meters. The estimated capacitance of the ארון is 0.77 nF.
But it’s not the voltage, it’s the current that kills. 350 kV across 0.77 nF is 2.7e−7 coulombs. According to Wikipedia, heart muscle has an electrical reaction time of 3 ms. So you get a current of 0.09 mA, which you would barely feel. It might light your gas tank on fire, though.
But while all this appeals to my geek side, it’s moot. According to יומא עב,ב, the inner and outer plating was continuous, extending over the edge of the wood. So the ארון wasn’t a capacitor at all.
Phyllis Shapiro noted in the last perek an unusual word: פרץ. The root occurs seven times in פרקים ה-ו:
This marks it as a leitwort , a מילה מנחה. It represents where David comes from:
And where he is going:
פריצות, as it were, defines the nature of kingship:
But with great power comes great responsibility. פרץ עזה teaches David that his ability to breach all the rules doesn’t make it right; it puts the consequences of his actions onto his own shoulders.