This week’s parsha starts with the laws of childbirth:
Offering a sacrifice after having a baby makes sense (though I might have thought a קרבן תודה would be more appropriate than an עולה). But why should a new mother offer a חטאת, a sin offering? The חטאת is offered after a שגגה, a sin done due to negligence:
The word חטא doesn’t really mean “sin” as in “wrongdoing”; it means “miss”, “being in the wrong place”.
You bring קרבן חטאת after your mind has been in the wrong place. You don’t bring a קרבן חטאת after intentionally sinning; those sins have their own set of punishments. So back to our question: why does a new mother offer a חטאת?
That’s cute; it’s kind of funny and we all know that it’s true. But as a reason for a קרבן חטאת, it’s all wrong.
If we were really concerned about her violating an oath, she should bring a קרבן אשם:
The gemara accepts רב יוסף's objection, and in fact the Sifra says explicitly that there is no sin involved:
There are a few other examples of a קרבן חטאת that is brought when there is no wrongdoing:
And we all know the Yerushalmi:
But still, that isn’t a real sin.
Similarly, both the כהנים and the נשיאים bring a קרבן חטאת for the inauguration of the משכן:
And in next week’s parsha, the מצרע brings a קרבן חטאת when they are declared clean (you could argue that there must have been some sort of sin to warrant צרעת, but the sins generally listed are not done בשוגג):
What does the חטאת mean in all those? What do they have in common? One hint to what this means comes from the inauguration of the משכן and the מזבח:
What Moshe does when he inaugurates the מזבח is ויחטא את המזבח. חטא is a verb.
So what exactly is a קרבן חטאת?
That is how Onkelos translates ויחטא את המזבח: וְדַכִּי יָת מַדְבְּחָא. The process of ויחטא means removing the חטא. There are lots of words like that.
A קרבן חטאת is not so much about a past sin but about removing חטא—aimlessness—in the future. The person bringing a קרבן חטאת has to do תשובה not for sinning, but for negligence: תחטא בשגגה. It represents a commitment to pay attention in the future.
And so we have all those examples of קרבן חטאת without a sin. They are all about beginnings: childbirth or חנוכת הבית; or about beginning anew: the נזיר and the מצורע going back to the “real world” but with a new outlook on life. Any beginning needs a commitment to ויחטא, to stop acting without forethought. Beginnings need what the Ramchal calls זהירות—mindfulness—and that is what a קרבן חטאת represents.
We’ve talked about the
importance of natality (פרשת כי תשא תשפ״ד) in religious life; we need to always grow and change. But that is a very dangerous thing; change for the sake of change could go anywhere. That is even more true for raising children. The first rule is just to pay attention. And so the new mother offers a קרבן חטאת.