This week’s parsha ends with the punishments for violating the עריות:
Rashi comments on this idea of הבדלה:
That is an important idea, but it doesn’t seem to fit the context. The Torah mentions הבדלתם בין הבהמה הטהרה לטמאה, so the בשר חזיר makes sense, but who mentioned לבוש כלאים? And what about the main topic of the paragraph, the עריות?
We have noted many times that Rashi doesn’t quote Midrashim. He cites them, but adapts them to his own pedagogical purposes. It’s worth looking at the original Sifra:
The examples of בשר חזיר and לבוש כלאים come from an earlier Sifra, from last week’s parsha, about a distinction that we are all familiar with:
So Rashi is in effect saying that רבי אלעזר בן עזריה's comment applies to the חוקים. Rambam says this explicitly.
Rambam, in his introduction to פרקי אבות, talks about character development. It is possible for us to work on ourselves and our own emotional responses to sin. The question is, should we? He deals with the question of which is better, a מְעֻלֶּה, an “elevated” person, a person of such sterling character that they do not even desire to sin; or a ֹמוֹשֵל בְּנַפְשו, a person desires sin but overcomes that desire. He cites משלי כא:י, נֶפֶשׁ רָשָׁע, אִוְּתָה רָע and other sources, that the מְעֻלֶּה is moraly superior. Then he cites our Sifra that seems to contradict this.
We talk about classifying מצוות as חוקים or משפטים, as “commanded” or “rational”. Secular legal theory has the same distinction, between malum prohibitum or malum in se. Rambam’s חידוש is that it is clear there is no practical difference in terms of observance; both are prohibited. Rambam’s חִדּוּשׁ נִפְלָא is that there is a נפקא מינה, a practical difference between them. For משפטים, we should feel revulsion for the act. It is inherently wrong, and even if ה׳ had not forbidden it, it should be anathema to us. If not, we need to work on our attitude. But for חוקים, there is no moral superiority in despising it; it is simply גזרת הכתוב. Note that we may still try to understand the reasons for חוקים; it’s just that those reasons are not “natural”. For instance, מצה on פסח is understandable, but not immoral.
So what did Rashi do to the Sifra’s אי איפשי לבוא על הערוה? Rambam explicitly includes עריות in his list of חוקים. Rashi evidently felt that עריות were משפטים, and you should feel revulsion and say אי איפשי לבוא על הערוה. There actually is a disagreement in the Sifra; the Sifra on אחרי מות that we quoted lists מפשטים:
So there is a מחלקת between Elazar ben Azaryah and the stam Sifra, and between Rashi and Rambam, on whether עריות are a משפט or not; whether we ought to be bothered by that behavior or whether we should simply accept it as G-d’s command.
And I think this disagreement persists. 60 years ago, an article in Tradition stated:
Then, it was “obvious” that עריות are a משפט. After Obergefell, that’s not so obvious.
So is a given מצווה, like homosexual relations, a חוק or a משפט? Yes. I think that the classification of whether a given מצוה is a חוק or a משפט changes, not just with the times but with the individual and their sense of inherent morality. The reason is that at its core, every משפט is a חוק. We do it because it is commanded. And every חוק is a משפט. We believe there are reasons for מצות, and the world we live in was created to be the world in which the תורה is the fundamental law. We just don’t always see those reasons.
Rav Soloveitchik, in a 1972 shiur, addressed a slightly different question: if משפטים are rational, why do they need to be divinely commanded?
So we feel revulsion at violations of משפטים, and a משפט is defined as a מצוה that we should feel revulsion about. That’s tautological! The distinction between חוקים and משפטים no longer has any practial implication.
But it is not a tautology. I’m not going to tell you what to feel about עריות. But there are things that we intellectually know are משפטים, that are inherently unethical, that Rav Soloveitchik calls “the heartland of משפטים”, but still we don’t feel any problem with them. That’s when the Rambam says מִי שֶׁלֹּא יִתְאַוֶּה אֲלֵיהֶן יוֹתֵר חָשׁוּב מִן הַמִּתְאַוֶּה אֲלֵיהֶן וְיִכְבּשׁ אֶת יִצְרוֹ מֵהֶן, and that lack of feeling is the warning sign that we need to work on our מידות to internalize the values we proclaim.
Obergefell v. Hodges does not threaten our values. SEC vs. Madoff does.