It’s worth reviewing the chronology of our parasha. משפטים doesn’t start with ויאמר ה׳ אל משה. The beginning of ה׳'s speech to Moshe actually starts in the last parasha. After the 10 commandments, when ה׳ spoke directly to the people (at least the first 2), then the people complained, אל ידבר עמנו אלקים פן נמות. So משה נגש אל הערפל (still at the foot of the mountain) and ה׳ spoke to him with Israel “listening in”, as we said last week.
Almost the entire parasha is one long speech, the initial ברית between G-d and the Jews. It ends in פרק כג with ושתי את גבלך מים סוף ועד ים פלשתים וממדבר עד הנהר, and only then in פרק כד Moshe is told עלה אלי ההרה והיה שם; ואתנה לך את לחת האבן and he goes up for 40 days.
As part of that ברית, we are first introduced to the שלש רגלים:
And they will be discussed 5 times in the Torah. Next at the “renegotiated” ברית after the sin of the Golden Calf:
Then in ספר ויקרא, with all the laws given in the משכן:
Then in ספר במדבר with the laws of the מוספים, though this isn’t really the laws of the שלש רגלים, just of the sacrifices:
And last when Moshe reviews all the laws in ערבות מואב, in ספר דברים:
This is the idea that (סוטה לז,ב) ר׳ עקיבא אומר כללות ופרטות נאמרו בסיני ונשנו באהל מועד ונשתלשו בערבות מואב.
We know that the רגלים have two different explanations, historical and agricultural. It is interesting that in the Torah, the reason for Pesach is only historical; Shavuot is always agricultural. Sukkot is the only holiday where the Torah mentions both reasons (באספך מגרנך ומיקבך and כי בסכות הושבתי את בני ישראל). Why?
We’ve mentioned the Vilna Gaon’s explanation of why we celebrate סוכות in תשרי:
The משך חכמה sees a textual hint to this in the different names given to the holiday:
Rav Yerucham Olshin comments:
When I first read this, I thought it was a clever reading that supported the Vilna Gaon’s idea. The more I thought about it, the more it bothered me. It says that after the משכן was built, ה׳ added a new מצוה דאורייתא! What does this mean about the Torah given on הר סיני? Was it incomplete, imperfect?
Similarly,
Actually, this is a מחלוקת in the Gemara:
Now, Rashi obviously holds that כללות ופרטות נאמרו בסיני but there are strong opinions in the ראשונים and אחרונים the other way:
And Seforno strikingly makes this an important part of his theology:
This is striking. According to Seforno, not only did Moshe not get the complete set of mitzvot at Sinai, but they weren’t actually finalized until the Torah was written down before they entered Israel. The underlying concepts may have been there (כללות נאמרו בסיני) but the details of practice depended on בני ישראל themselves, התאם לדרגה של אלו שמשימה זאת מוטלת עליהם.
This blew my mind. I don’t know if that was the intent of the Vilna Gaon and the משך חכמה as well, since most commentators agree with Rashi and Rabbi Akiva that the Torah was given (including the details, the תורה שבעל פה) at Sinai. As the Netziv puts it:
So how to understand the משך חכמה? This is how Rav Copperman understands it:
The difference between חג האסף and חג הסכות is one of name, of emphasis. I would say the holiday of the 15th of Tishrei existed before חטא העגל, with all its laws and details, including sitting in a סוכה. It was part of חג האסיף, a Thanksgiving festival. It wasn’t called חג הסכות any more than we call it today חג ההדסים. After חטא העגל and the return of the שכינה, the סוכה acquired new significance and became the focus of the holiday, with its new historical focus and became חג הסכות.