In this week’s parasha, Moshe completes his historical review, and goes over the עשרת הדברות as an introduction to all the laws that are coming. The problem is that he gets them wrong:
Why all the differences between the עשרת הדברות in ספר דברים and ספר שמות? It is generally understood that here, Moshe is saying things in his own words. He is citing the עשרת הדברות, not quoting them. It goes with how we understand ספר דברים as a whole. As the Artscroll Chumash puts it:
But still, why the differences? The Ibn Ezra famously claims that it’s just not a big deal:
But everyone argues with him. First, we assume that every word and letter of the Torah is significant, and we don’t like to dismiss subtleties as “just the way it happened”:
And more, the differences in the דברה of שבת are so extensive that we can’t say שישמרו הטעמים, ואינם חוששים משנוי המלות. זכור and שמור have very different implications, and the reasons כי ששת ימים עשה ה׳ and כי עבד היית בארץ מצרים are completely different.
What does that mean, זכור ושמור בדבור אחד נאמרו?
It’s clear when we look at the original מאמר חז״ל, that בדבור אחד doesn’t mean literally “said at the same time”:
It’s talking about mutually contradictory הלכות, both of which are valid, and the difficulties in reconciling them. That fits for ציצית and שעטנז, and שבת and its מוסף, but how are זכור and שמור mutually contradictory? They’re different, but not so much as to say אי איפשר לאדם לומר כן!
We will return to that question, but first let’s deal with the other differences between the listings of the עשרת הדברות. If those differences are not arbitrary, then what are they? It’s generally understood that Moshe is adding phrases that expand on the text, putting into writing what was תורה שבעל פה:
For example:
But what does changing זכור into שמור mean? The Maharal goes on:
The Maharal explains the difference:
And the Kli Yakar expands this idea, that Moshe is saying that there is an aspect of the עשרת הדברות that is unique to the Jewish people, that was implied in the original text but that he is saying outright, at this time:
So זכור ושמור בדבור אחד נאמרו is really מה שאי איפשר לאדם לומר כן, a dialectic between the particular and the universal. זכור applies to everyone who needs to acknowledge ה׳'s creation of the world. But שמור applies only to the Jew’s unique relationship with ה׳.
זכור goes with כי ששת ימים עשה ה׳ את השמים ואת הארץ which goes with ברך ה׳ את יום השבת ויקדשהו. It is the universal picture of שבת. But שמור goes with כי עבד היית בארץ מצרים ויצאך ה׳ אלקיך which goes with צוך ה׳ אלקיך לעשות את יום השבת. It is a message to בני ישראל alone.
And that tension is inherent in the הלכה:
And it is specifically the aspect of שמור, the negative commandments, that is particular:
We need to read כי not as “because” but as “despite”. שבת is an אות between us and הקב״ה even though it reflects His creation of the entire world. For the world, honoring G-d’s creation is in ויום ולילה לא ישבותו; man needs to continue the act of creation. For the Jews, there’s an added aspect of כי עבד היית בארץ מצרים ויצאך ה׳ אלקיך משם that allows us to experience His מנוחה as well:
Only בני ישראל have the aspect of מנוחה, the aspect of שבת that builds the relationship between themselves and הקב״ה:
We don’t necessarily understand it. But the dialectic of זכור ושמור בדבור אחד summarizes how we see our relationship with G-d, as both universal and particular.