ื‘ืก״ื“

Kavanot: Every Man is Napoleon

Thoughts on Tanach and the Davening

๐Ÿšง๐Ÿ—๏ธ Page Still Under Construction

ื ืœืื“ื ืžืขืจื›ื™ ืœื‘; ื•ืžื”ืณ ืžืขื ื” ืœืฉื•ืŸืƒ ื‘ ื›ืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ ืื™ืฉ ื–ืš ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•; ื•ืชื›ืŸ ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืณืƒ ื’ ื’ืœ ืืœ ื”ืณ ืžืขืฉื™ืš; ื•ื™ื›ื ื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ืšืƒ

ืžืฉืœื™ ืคืจืง ื˜ื–

we have been talking about the importance of proper speech

ืœืื“ื ืžืขืจื›ื™ ืœื‘: ื”ืœื‘ ืขื•ืจืš ื•ืžืกื“ืจ ืืช ืืฉืจ ื™ื“ื‘ืจ. ื•ื‘ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืžืขืจื™ืš ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื•ืื•ืคื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื” ื™ืขื ื”, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื’ืžืจ ื•ืžืขื ื” ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื”ืณ, ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืขื–ืจ ืžืžืจื•ืžื™ื ืฉื™ืขื ื” ืžืขื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘, ืจืดืœ ื’ืžืจ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื”, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื”ืณ.

ืžืœื‘ื™ืดื, ืžืฉืœื™ ื˜ื–:ื

ืื“ื ึพื™ ืฉืคืชื™ ืชืคืชื—; ื•ืคื™ ื™ื’ื™ื“ ืชื”ืœืชืšืƒ

ืชื”ืœื™ื ื ื:ื™ื–

To his dog, every man is Napoleon; hence the constant popularity of dogs.

Aldous Huxley

ื•ืชื•ื›ืŸ: ื”ืณ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืจื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื•ื™ื•ื“ืข ื”ื•ื ืื ื“ืจื›ื™ื• ื–ื›ืื™ื ืื ืœื.

ืžืฆื•ื“ืช ื“ื•ื“, ืžืฉืœื™ ื˜ื–:ื‘

may be true, but the word here is ื•ึฐืชึนื›ึตึ–ืŸ, not ืชื•ึนึฝื›ึถืŸ. Corrects (the verb), not contents (noun). ื”ืณ gives us the tools to fix our ืจื•ื—ื•ืช

ื›ืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ ืื™ืฉ ื–ืš ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•; ื•ืชื›ืŸ ื•ื’ื•ืณ: ื“ืจืš ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ืื“ื ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืืฉืจ ื™ื’ื™ืขื•ื”ื• ืžื“ืจืš ืžื“ืชื• ื–ื›ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืื ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืื ืจืขื•ืช, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืชืงื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื•ืช ืขื ื™ืŸ ืงืฉื”. ืืฃ ื’ื ื–ืืช ื•ึฐืชึนื›ึตืŸ ืจื•ึผื—ื•ึนืช ื”ืณ: ืขื•ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืชืงืŸ ืžื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืชื ื•ืœื—ื–ืง ื›ืชื™ืงื•ื ื ื•ื’ื ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืœื ืฆื— ืืช ื”ืชื•ืœื“ืช ืžื›ืœื™ ืขื–ืจ ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืœื‘ื•ืช. ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ
ืœื‘ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืฉื ื•ื‘ื™ืจืืชื• ื™ืขื–ืจื”ื• ืขืœ ืชืงื•ืŸ ื”ืœื‘ ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืžื“ื•ืช.

ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื ื”, ืžืฉืœื™ ื˜ื–:ื‘

what are those tools? ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืคืขืœื•ืช ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ื”ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช

ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืคืขืœื•ืช ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ื”ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช.

ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื˜ื–

ื”ื“ื ื”ื•ื ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืงื™ื˜:ื ื˜) ื—ึดืฉืึผึทื‘ึฐืชึผึดื™ ื“ึฐืจึธื›ึธื™ ื•ึธืึธืฉืึดื™ื‘ึธื” ืจึทื’ึฐืœึทื™ ืึถืœ ืขึตื“ึนืชึถื™ืšึธ. ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“: ืจื‘ืฉืดืข! ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื•ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื•ืื•ืžืจ: ืœืžืงื•ื ืคืœื•ื ื™ ื•ืœื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืจื” ืคืœื•ื ื™ืช ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื”ื™ื• ืจื’ืœื™ ืžื‘ื™ืื•ืช ืื•ืชื™ ืœื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ืชื™ ืžื“ืจืฉื•ืช, ื”ื“ื ื”ื•ื ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘: ื•ืืฉื™ื‘ื” ืจื’ืœื™ ืืœ ืขื“ื•ืชื™ืš.

ื•ื™ืงืจื ืจื‘ื” ืœื”:ื

ื›ืœ ืคืขืœ ื”ืณ ืœืžืขื ื”ื•; ื•ื’ื ืจืฉืข ืœื™ื•ื ืจืขื”ืƒ

โ€”ืžืฉืœื™ ื˜ื–:ื“

an insight in ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืื”ื‘ื” from ืจื‘ ืฉื’ืจ

ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื–ื“ื•ื ื•ืช ื ืขืฉื•ืช ืœื• ื›ืฉื’ื’ื•ืช, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื”ื•ืฉืข ื™ื“:ื‘): ืฉืื•ึผื‘ึธื” ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืขึทื“ ื”ืณ ืึฑืœึนืงึถื™ืšึธ ื›ึผึดื™ ื›ึธืฉืึทืœึฐืชึผึธ ื‘ึผึทืขึฒื•ึนื ึถืšึธ, ื”ื โ€ืขื•ืŸโ€œโ€”ืžื–ื™ื“ ื”ื•ื, ื•ืงื ืงืจื™ ืœื™ื” ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ. ืื™ื ื™?! ื•ื”ืืžืจ ืจื™ืฉ ืœืงื™ืฉ: ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื–ื“ื•ื ื•ืช ื ืขืฉื•ืช ืœื• ื›ื–ื›ื™ื•ืช, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืœื’:ื™ื˜): ื•ึผื‘ึฐืฉืื•ึผื‘ ืจึธืฉืึธืข ืžึตืจึดืฉืึฐืขึธืชื•ึน ื•ึฐืขึธืฉื‚ึธื” ืžึดืฉืึฐืคึผึธื˜ ื•ึผืฆึฐื“ึธืงึธื” ืขึฒืœึตื™ื”ึถื ื™ึดื—ึฐื™ึถื”! ืœื ืงืฉื™ื: ื›ืืŸ ืžืื”ื‘ื”, ื›ืืŸ ืžื™ืจืื”.

ื™ื•ืžื ืคื•,ื‘

ื‘โ€ฆื•ื™ืขื™ื“ ืขืœื™ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืชืขืœื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื–ื” ื”ื—ื˜ื ืœืขื•ืœืโ€ฆ

ื“โ€ฆื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืื—ืจ ื•ืื™ื ื™ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืื™ืฉ ืฉืขืฉื” ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื; ื•ืžืฉื ื” ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื•ืœื“ืจืš ื™ืฉืจื”.

ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืคืจืง ื‘

ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืจืžื‘ืดื, ืฉืœืคื™ ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื™ื ื• โ€ืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืชืœื•ื™ ืืœื ื‘ื™โ€œ, ื”ืขืžื“ื” ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ืช ื”ืคื•ื›ื”โ€”โ€ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืžืœื‘ื“ื•โ€œ. ืœื“ืขืช ืจืณ ืฆืจื•ืง, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”โ€”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืื”ื‘ื”, ืื™ื ื” ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื˜ื ื•ื—ืจื–ื” ืžืžื ื•, ืืœื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ืชื ืขื•ืจื•ืช ืžืžื ื•, ืคืจื™ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ืฉื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื—ื˜ื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืณ.

ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื’ืดืจ, ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื ืคืฉื™, ืขืžืณ 180

summarize

Twelve-step programs are grounded in the recognition of personal powerlessness over addiction, which serves as the foundational step toward recovery by acknowledging that oneโ€™s life has become unmanageable due to substance use or compulsive behaviors. This admission is complemented by the belief in a higher power capable of restoring sanity, emphasizing surrender to external support as essential for overcoming individual limitations.

Grokipedia, Twelve-step program, accessed 2025-12-11

but this leads to antinomianism.

Though I am aware that in a number of instances the words of the Mei ha-Shiloah are difficult for the untrained ear to bear, I have only gathered his teaching for the sake of our intimates who understand their true value.

R. Gershon Henoch Leiner, Introduction to Mei ha-Shiloah, translated by Rabbi Herzl Hefter, โ€œIn Godโ€™s Handsโ€: The Religious Phenomenology of R. Mordechai Yosef of Izbica

It is therefore no surprise that contemporary Jewish Renewal, a movement that, in effect, combines liberal religious critique, neo-Sabbatean religious reform, and Hasidic pietism, views itself as the spiritual inheritor of these Hasidic texts. While one can certainly argue whether and to what extent these reformers are accurately reading and interpreting these texts, it is certainly the case that these texts at least lend themselves to be read in such an expansive fashion.

Shaul Magid, Hasidism on the Margin, p. 253, cited in Rabbi Herzl Hefter, โ€œIn Godโ€™s Handsโ€: The Religious Phenomenology of R. Mordechai Yosef of Izbica, note 9

Still need ื™ืจืืช ื”ืณ.

(ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื“:ื™ื“) ื”ืณ ื™ืœื—ื ืœื›ื ื•ืืชื ืชื—ืจืฉื•ืŸ: ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืžืœืงโ€ฆืชื•ืœื” ื›ืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื‘ื”ืฉืดื™ ืฉืื•ืžืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืจืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืดื™, ื›ื™ ื‘ืœื ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืดื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ื•ื ื’ื“ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ ื™ืจืืช ืฉืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื•ื”ืื“ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืชืคืœื”.

ืžื™ ื”ืฉืœื•ื—, ื—ืœืง ื, ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช, ื‘ืฉืœื—

(ืฉืžื•ืช ืœ:ื) ื•ืขืฉื™ืช ืžื–ื‘ื— ืžืงื˜ืจ ืงื˜ืจืช: ื”ื ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื ืืžืจื• ื‘ืคืณ ืชืจื•ืžื” ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืžื–ื‘ื— ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืžื˜ืขื ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืงื ื,ื‘) ื›ื™ ืงื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื ืงื˜ื™ืจื ื“ื›ืœื, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืžืจืžื– ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ืขืฉื™ื ืืฃ ื‘ืขื•ื”ืดื– ื”ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ืฉืจ ื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืดื™ ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื ื™ืขืฉื” ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ. ื•ืžื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื• ืœื‘ื ื—ืดื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ืงืœื•ืช ืจืืฉ ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื ืขืฉื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืžื™ื, ืขืดื› ืœื ื ืืžืจ ื”ืžื–ื‘ื— ื‘ืคืณ ืชืจื•ืžื”, ืจืง ืื—ืจ ืฉื ืืžืจื• ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ื‘ืคืณ ืชืฆื•ื” ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื™ืจืื” ื•ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืžื—ืžื“ืช ืขื•ื”ืดื–, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื’ืžืจื (ืขืจื›ื™ืŸ ื˜ื–,ื) ื›ืชื•ื ืช ืžื›ืคืจ ืขืœ ืฉืคื™ื›ืช ื“ืžื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืœื. ืฉื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืคืขืœ ืขืดื™ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืœื‘ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืจืื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื•ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื™ืจืื” ื‘ืœื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื– ื ืžืฆื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืžื›ื— ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจืช.

ืžื™ ื”ืฉืœื•ื—, ื—ืœืง ื, ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช, ืชืฆื•ื”

and ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” wonโ€™t work if itโ€™s transactional. Canโ€™t game the system.

ื” ืชื•ืขื‘ืช ื”ืณ ื›ืœ ื’ื‘ื” ืœื‘; ื™ื“ ืœื™ื“ ืœื ื™ื ืงื”ืƒ ื• ื‘ื—ืกื“ ื•ืืžืช ื™ื›ืคืจ ืขื•ืŸ; ื•ื‘ื™ืจืืช ื”ืณ ืกื•ืจ ืžืจืขืƒ

ืžืฉืœื™ ืคืจืง ื˜ื–

ื™ื“ ืœื™ื“ ืœื ื™ื™ื ืงื” ืจืข: ื‘ื•ื ื•ืจืื”: ืฉืชื™ ื™ื“ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืœืื“ื: ืื ื’ื•ื ื‘ ื‘ืื—ืช, ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ืฆื“ืงื” ื‘ืื—ืจืช, ืœื ื™ื™ื ืงื”. ื›ืš, ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœืจืฉืขื™ื: ืฉื ื™ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื‘ืจืืชื™ ืœื›ื, ืื—ื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื• ืžืขืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื•ืื—ื“ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื• ืฉื›ืจ. ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืฉืœื ืขืฉื™ืชื ืžืขืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ื‘ื•, ืืชื ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืฉื›ืจ?! ืžื” ืื“ื ืฉื‘ืจืืชื™ ืฉืชื™ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืื—ืช ืขื•ืฉื” ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื•ื‘ืื—ืช ืขื•ืฉื” ืฆื“ืงื”, ื›ืชื™ื‘ โ€ื™ื“ ืœื™ื“ ืœื ื™ื™ื ืงื” ืจืขโ€œ, ื•ืืชื ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื ืฆืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื”ื ื?! ืœื ื™ื™ื ืงื” ืจืข!

ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ: ืžืฉืœ ืœืื“ื ืื—ื“ ืฉื”ืœืš ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืขื‘ื™ืจื”, ื•ื ืชืŸ ืœื–ื•ื ื” ืฉื›ืจื”, ื•ืœื ื”ืกืคื™ืง ืœืฆืืช ืžืคืชื— ื‘ื™ืชื” ืขื“ ืฉืคื’ืข ื‘ื• ืขื ื™ ืื—ื“, ืืžืจ ืœื•: ืชืŸ ืœื™ ืฆื“ืงื”. ื ืชืŸ ืœื• ื•ื”ืœืš ืœื•, ื•ืืžืจ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืื™ืฉ โ€ืื™ืœื•ืœื™ ืฉืจืฆื” ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืœื›ืคืจ ืขืœ ืขื•ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื™, ืœื ืฉืœื— ืœื™ ืื•ืชื• ืขื ื™, ืฉืืชืŸ ืœื• ืฆื“ืงื” ื•ื™ืชื›ืคืจ ืœื™ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™โ€œ. ืื•ืžืจ ืœื• ื”ืงื‘ืดื”: ืจืฉืข! ืืœ ืชื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืŸ, ืืœื ืœืš ื•ืœืžื•ื“ ืžื—ื›ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืœืžื”, ืฉืคื™ืจืฉ ื•ืืžืจ โ€ื™ื“ ืœื™ื“ ืœื ื™ื™ื ืงื” ืจืขโ€œ.

ืžื“ืจืฉ ืžืฉืœื™ ื™ื

ื—ืกื“ ื•ืืžืช as ื—ืกื“ ืฉืœ ืืžืช

ื—ืกื“ ื•ืืžืช: ื—ืกื“ ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืขื ื”ืžืชื™ื ื”ื•ื ื—ืกื“ ืฉืœ ืืžืช, ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืฆืคื” ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ื’ืžื•ืœ.

ืจืฉืดื™, ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžื–:ื›ื˜

Interviewer: But is not the Other also responsible in my regard?

Emmanuel Levinas: Perhaps, but that ishis affair. One of the fundamental themes of Totality and Infinityโ€ฆis that the intersubjective relation is a non-symmetrical relation. In this sense, I am responsible for the Other without waiting for his reciprocityโ€ฆReciprocity is his affair.

Emmanuel Levinas, Ethics and Infinity, p. 98

ื”ืขืงืจ ื”ืฉื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจโ€”ืœืจื“ืฃ ืคืขืœืช ื”ื—ืกื“ ื•ื”ืืžืช: ื›ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ึผึฐื—ึถืกึถื“ ื•ึถืึฑืžึถืช ื™ึฐื›ึปืคึผึทืจ ืขึธื•ึนืŸ ื•ึผื‘ึฐื™ึดืจึฐืึทืช ื”ืณ ืกื•ึผืจ ืžึตืจึธืข. ื•ืขืชื” ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžืงืจื ื”ื–ื”. ื›ื™ ื”ืืžื ื ืื ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื ืœื ืฉื‘ ืืœ ื”ืณ, ืœื ื™ืชื›ืคืจ ืขื•ื ื• ื‘ืคืขืœ ื”ื—ืกื“. ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™:ื™ื–) ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืœึนื ื™ึดืฉึผื‚ึธื ืคึธื ึดื™ื ื•ึฐืœึนื ื™ึดืงึผึทื— ืฉืึนื—ึทื“. ื•ืคืจืฉื• ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื ืœื‘ืจื›ื” (ืจืžื‘ืดื, ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืช ื“:ื›ื‘) ืœื ื™ืงื— ืฉื—ื“ ืžืฆื•ื”, ืœืžื—ืœ ื•ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื ื•ืช. ื•ืขื•ื“ ืืžืจื• (ื‘ื‘ื ืงืžื ื ,ื) ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื•ืชืจืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจื• ื—ื™ื™ื•, ืื‘ืœ ืžืืจื™ืš ืืคื™ื. ื•ืื ืœื ื™ืฉืžืขื•. ื™ืžื“ ืคืขืœืชื ืืœ ื—ื™ืงื. ืื›ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉืืžืจ ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžืœืš ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ึผึฐื—ึถืกึถื“ ื•ึถืึฑืžึถืช ื™ึฐื›ึปืคึผึทืจ ืขึธื•ึนืŸ, ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจโ€ฆืžื“ืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื• ื ื’ื“ ืžื“ืช ืžืฉื•ื‘ืชื•. ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืจ ื‘ึผึฐื—ึถืกึถื“ ื•ึถืึฑืžึถืช ื™ึฐื›ึปืคึผึทืจ ืขึธื•ึนืŸ.

ืฉืขืจื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื:ืžื–

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