Getting back to David as the leader of his band of less-than-merry men:
לא בשמים היא
The Gemara uses this story as the basis of a halacha that has ramifications to this day:
First, note that we aren’t explicitly saying that this battle was on שבת. The משבצות זהב says that the issue was that David was risking his life in this battle. Does the protection of property (עסקי תבן וקש) allow one to override a מצוה, in our story the preservation of life, in the Gemara, Shabbat? For the safety of the Jewish people (כעיר הסמוכה לספר דמיא), the answer is yes.
Then the Gemara notices that this issue cannot be the basis of David’s question to ה׳, since we don’t ask halachic questions of ה׳:
And this distinction between the rabbinic and prophetic role will come into play later when David wants to build a temple for ה׳:
Note that the wording וה׳ הניח לו מסביב מכל איביו is what leads David to want to build the Temple:
And Nathan responds that his (David’s) reasoning is correct: the time had come to fulfill the last requirement of ישוב הארץ. But then Nathan has a prophecy:
Note that initially נתן is answering halachically; there is no וישאל דוד בה׳. ה׳ later comes in and overrides him, and we will have to look at that in detail when we get there. Similarly, in the Gemara here, the proposal is that David ask בית דינו של שמואל, not שמואל הנביא.
Military Intelligence
What does it mean, to be שואל בה׳? We talk about the אורים ותומים pretty casually, but I thought it would be useful to look at it in more detail.
The אורים ותומים were to be used only for matters of public policy, and, as above, not for legal questions but for questions of fact. In the lives of ancient Israel, that pretty much meant military matters: how and when to go to war:
This use of רוח הקודש for military intelligence occurs throughout תנ״ך (though the use of the אורים ותומים decreases as the role of the נביא increases, which is an question for another time):
You Light Up My Life
What exactly were (was?) the אורים ותומים?
Note that unlike everything else in the משכן, we have no details about their construction. They clearly were related to the role of the כהן:
And to the leadership of the people:
Rashi explains:
And Ramban elaborates:
The ירושלמי gives two versions of how the questioning worked:
The בבלי has שבטי ישרון for the last addition (יומא עג,א).
ראובן א
שמעון ב
לוי רהם
יהודה י
יששכר צ
זבולן ח
דן ק יעק
נפתלי ב
גד שבטי
אשר ישר
יוסף ון
בנימין
Only the כהן גדול himself knew what was going on (his back was turned to the questioner), so we can never know what if any of his רוח הקודש was a physical manifestation. But it doesn’t matter to how we understand the phenomenon. It was רוח הקודש that could be called upon at will, and as such, was lost with the end of the First Temple period:
According to the commentary of his son, the Rambam held that the אורים ותומים were the stones of the חושן. Kabbalistically