Note that David just “וילך” from גת, but once in the territory of ישראל he has to “וימלט”; he is still a wanted man. He goes to the cave of עדלם, which symbolizes his return to his ancestral destiny, as the descendant of יהודה:
His family also joins him there, since, as מצודת דוד, says, פחדו לנפשם פן יתנקם בהם שאול. Jonathan had sworn to protect David’s family (שמואל א כ:טז) ויכרת יהונתן עם בית דוד, but David can’t rely on that, since Jonathan couldn’t even keep himself safe; Saul had already threatened him with his spear.
As we have mentioned, this is the beginning of דוד המלך. He’s only the leader of a band of dispossessed, discontented men, but he is still a שר. And there is a hint to an imminent turnaround: מצוק is an unusual word. It generally means “troubled”, usually paired with מצור. But it appears by itself in שירת חנה, which is a נבואה that is all about turnarounds:
The 400 men is also significant. It calls to mind another band of 400 men:
And another “leader” of בני ישראל who gathered a band of malcontents:
Neither of these comparisons are positive. David may have turned back from the brink of becoming a Philistine mercenary but he certainly has the potential to be a force for evil in Israel. And his men are called (שמואל א ל:כב) כל איש רע ובליעל מהאנשים אשר הלכו עם דוד. But David is different. The משבצות זהב says “הם המרי נפש מעונות שבידם” and quotes the כלי יקר “שדוד החזירן למוטב, זהו אומרו ויהי עליהם לשר. שע״י חסידות דוד והיותו עליהם לשר וגדול, החזירן לתשובה”. We will see examples of this in later perakim.
The דעת מקרא suggests that תהילים לד, that in which David addresses the ענוים to גדלו לה׳ אתי and reassures them that קרוב ה׳ לנשברי לב; ואת דכאי רוח יושיע, actually refers to these כל איש מר נפש. The timing is right; that perek is attributed to David immediately after he leaves גת. And we interpreted the theme of that perek as one of תשובה and redemption.
David moves from ארץ יהודה into ארץ מואב, which makes sense given the family relationship. David is widely known to be a descendant of רות המואביה, and he figures his family will be safe there from the predations of Saul. But that’s the last we hear from David’s parents. What happened after היות דוד במצודה? The next time we see Moab, it’s not in such a positive light:
What happened to make David slaughter the Moabites? The midrash fills in the gaps:
Moab was not nice people. The Torah commanded:
Moab was descended from Lot, who had been adopted by Avraham, the paragon of גמילות חסד. He then moved to סדום, the very antithesis of גמילות חסד. As it were, Moab had two spiritual fathers, and they had to decide which one they would follow. Their behavior after יציאת מצרים demonstrated which path they had chosen, and חז״ל saw this hatred of the stranger and the refugee throughout the history of Moab. David’s faith in their family connection was unfounded and would lead to tragedy.
Who is גד? Unfortunately, we don’t have much information. He was one of the authors of ספר שמואל:
And he spoke to David on one other occasion, after the disastrous census at the end of the ספר: