This week’s parsha is largely about the sin of the spies, and next week is the rebellion of Korach (presumably as a response to the decree of wandering in the wilderness). But before the story of Korach, the Torah presents a series of laws.
We’ve discussed before the nature of these laws, and how they are a response to the sin of the spies (כי תבאו אל ארץ מושבתיכם אשר אני נתן לכם). But interrupting the legal text that interrupts the narrative, is another brief narrative:
What was the מקושש doing? Why is this story here? To answer that, we’re going to jump forward 11 perakim and 39 years:
The gemara notes that בחטאו מת means that צלפחד wasn’t part of the major rebellions that we have been reading about:
So what was his חטא? The aggadah hates a vacuum. We have a person with an anonymous sin, and we have a sin with an anonymous person. It’s a perfect match!
Rabbi Akiva is making a textual connection: the word בַּמִּדְבָּר appears in both stories, so they must be related. We call that in מדרש הלכה a גזירה שוה. But the gemara objects:
But a גזירה שוה is a legitimate מדה שהתורה נדרשת בהן! רבי יהודה בן בתירא can’t deny it just because he doesn’t like it. It is legitimate, but it can’t be applied indiscriminately. You need a מסורה, a claim that the textual connection goes back to משה קבל תורה על הר סיני, to learn a גזירה שוה. You can’t just point out a word in common and say the halacha must be connected, especially a frequent word like מדבר.
This illustrates
Rabbi Shulman’s point about מדרש אגדה as opposed to מדרש הלכה: אגדות are not a קבלה, not handed down. They are the comments of the individual rabbis. They are תורה שבבעל פה, just like מדרש הלכה, but in a more subtle way. The narratives of תורה שבכתב teach us values and ideas, not specific laws. The stories of מדרש אגדה are meant to teach us the values and ideas of תורה שבבעל פה. אגדות need to be taken seriously but not literally.
So רבי יהודה בן בתירא says, “You’re doing aggadah wrong. You are playing Rabbi Fohrman, looking for textual similarities, but there has to be something deeper.”
There’s another gemara that makes criticizes Rabbi Akiva even more explicitly:
So who was צלפחד?
That is a reference to another episode in our parsha:
We have discussed what it would mean if צלפחד was one of the מעפילים.
So that is what רבי יהודה בן בתירא is saying about בנות צלפחד: they told Moshe, “Abba taught us what חיבת ארץ ישראל really means. He gave his life על קידוש הארץ. How can you refuse us a share in the land, למה יגרע שם אבינו…תנה לנו אחזה!”
And that is how to do aggadah.
But Rabbi Akiva knows this. So why does he connect צלפחד to the מקשש עצים ביום השבת?
First of all, making the textual connection בַּמִּדְבָּר-בַּמִּדְבָּר isn’t unreasonable; the word בַּמִּדְבָּר is surprisingly uncommon. The ספר is actually called בְּמִדְבַּר סִינַי, with a שוא under the ב׳. Most uses of במדבר have this form, with a שוא under the ב׳ and a name of a specific wilderness; בַּמִּדְבָּר means “the [generic] wilderness”; it’s not a particular place.
The decree after the sin of the spies was to wander בַּמִּדְבָּר for 40 years, not to go to any particular place.
So when the מקשש עצים narrative starts ויהיו בני ישראל בַּמִּדְבָּר; וימצאו איש מקשש עצים and when בנות צלפחד say אבינו מת בַּמִּדְבָּר, it means something.
Why is it important that the מקשש is בַּמִּדְבָּר? It goes back to the decree ובניכם יהיו רעים בַּמִּדְבָּר ארבעים שנה. How did בני ישראל react? The Netziv connects this to the perek of יחזקאל that describes how wrong בני ישראל were:
And the Sifrei says that Moshe tried to stop the חילול שבת:
Rabbi Shulman made this point last שבת: the people had lost faith in Moshe, the messenger, and now lost faith in the message itself. One of the laws in this week’s parsha, part of the response to the sin of the spies, was the איסור of עבודה זרה:
And that leads into our story:
But virtually no one should actually be put to death by the human court for חילול שבת; the perpetrator has to be warned and then continue to sin. We rely on ה׳ to exact punishment: ונכרתה הנפש ההוא. So what was this מקושש doing?
This perspective on the מקושש makes his actions not right but a little more understandable. It is an עבירה לשם שמים, not so much a love of ארץ ישראל like the מעפילים, but a love of תורה ומצוות. He is so overcome by frustration and anger at the rest of the people for flaunting שבת of all things—היא שקולה ככל המצות—that all he can think to do is demonstrate, in the most graphic way possible, the consequences of violating it. Again, he is wrong, but at least a little admirable.
And so Rabbi Akiva identifies him with צלפחד, who instilled in his children this love of תורה ומצוות that they would protest to Moshe, למה יגרע.
Now,
Rabbi Akiva doesn’t do אגדה. We’ve seen that. But Rabbi Akiva would give his life out of a love of תורה ומצוות. In the face of the destruction of the בית המקדש and the גזירות השמד of the Hadrianic persecution, maybe he wanted to illustrate that desperate times call for desperate measures. Only someone with the dedication of the מקשש עצים could have children like בנות צלפחד, who would go on to ensure the continuity of the Jewish future.