This always bothered me. How can the Torah tell me that I need to believe something that I unequivocally know to be false? Are we really supposed to suppress our own intellects?
The classic example is in Rosh Hashana:
The Ramban explains that we are not supposed to blindly accept:
The halacha אומר לך על ימין שהוא שמאל is procedure, not epistemology. When I listen to a חכם I am not saying that I am wrong; I am entitled to my understanding of the Torah. I am, however, acknowledging that the חכם's view is legitimate as well. In the ideal state, there is a process for deciding the הלכה למעשה, and we do not want that תעשה התורה כמה תורות. Something has to be decided. But אלו ואלו דברי אלוקים חיים.
The Ran puts it this way:
The Ran relates to an important principle about the way we learn and understand Torah:
What does חכם עדיף מנביא mean? There are many explanations, but let me start with the Ran’s understanding:
For a navi, there is a mitzvah to obey:
But as we’ve said before it’s very limited:
For the חכם, we have the command to obey as above, ועשית על פי הדבר אשר יגידו לך.
That׳s a very strange statement׃ How can the Ran say יאמר אמת או לא יאמר, מצוה לשמוע לו?
This goes back to our statement that אפילו אומר לך על ימין שהוא שמאל ועל שמאל שהוא ימין.
Rav Hutner goes further in explaining חכם עדיף מנביא:
This is not the case with a נביא. To speak in the name of G-d is to be infallible; there is no room for other views. If we disagree with a נביא, we are declaring him a נביא שקר. More than not listening to him, he is liable for capital punishment.
אפילו אומר לך על ימין שהוא שמאל ועל שמאל שהוא ימין is not a principle that limits our understanding of Torah; it is the principle that we have to respect others understanding of Torah. Even we we are convinced the other is wrong, we have to allow that theirs may be the correct interpretation of Torah, and (if a decision must be made; not all disagreements have to be decided) all valid opinions must be taken seriously.
The Yerushalmi brings the statement of משרבו תלמידי בית שמאי ובית הלל שלא שמשו כל צרכן רבו מחלוקת בישראל ונעשית תורה כשתי תורות as: