Last week we talked about the ברית of ערבות מואב, before the people entered the land. This week I had intended to talk about the ברית that בני ישראל would make immediately after they entered the land, the ברית הר גריזים, and what it meant:
But Rabbi Shulman used that as his theme for his pre-mincha shiur last week, so I will change tacks. Instead of looking forward, I will look back. Let’s talk about the original ברית, ברית הר סיני.
The תוכחה ends with a reminder that this, the ברית that Moshe is describing in the end of ספר דברים, is a sequel:
And the Meshech Chochma looks at our parsha, and its description of the consequences of violating the ברית, and says it’s talking about that earlier ברית:
I took my interpretation of the Meshech Chochma from Rav Copperman’s commentary.
The defining nature of the ברית…אשר כרת עמם בהוציאו אתם מארץ מצרים was that it was made under duress:
He is referring to the famous aggadah:
Note that the Meshech Chochma takes שכפה עליהם את ההר כגיגית as figurative; the fact that they needed הקב״ה in order to survive meant that accepting the ברית was an offer they couldn’t refuse. But if the deal was made under duress, why should בני ישראל be punished when they violate it? That’s the מודעא רבה לאורייתא. The Meshech Chochma says that גלות isn’t so much a punishment for violating a ברית (meaning the relationship between ה׳ and בני ישראל) as much as the inevitable consequence of voiding an agreement: we agreed to serve ה׳ in return for His protection and providence; we stop serving ה׳, the protection goes away. He attributes this approach to the רשב״א, but Rav Copperman brings the source from the רשב״א's teacher, the רמב״ן.
In other words, ברית סיני was transactional. We are עבדים to ה׳, but more as servants than slaves. We needed protection and support, so we accepted ה׳'s sovereignty, like a feudal lord and serf. ארץ ישראל is the wages for our עבודת ה׳. And such a transaction is valid, even if made under duress.
What this means is that there are two models of ברית: one based on אהבה, the ברית of (דברים כו:יז-יח) את ה׳ האמרת היום (or, for this time of year, אני לדודי ודודי לי) and one based on יראה, the ברית of כפה עליהם את ההר כגיגית. The Meshech Chochma continues to demonstrate that the ברית…אשר כרת עמם בהוציאו אתם מארץ מצרים is one of אדון and עבד, and that is why the laws of עבד עברי are so prominent in that ברית:
The Yerushalmi says that the גלות was because the people didn’t keep the laws of עבד עברי:
And that comes from an incident in Yirmiyahu:
The Meshech Chochma connects this back to יציאת מצרים:
We left Egypt to become עבדים to הקב״ה. That is transactional; both parties have something to offer. It is also exclusive; if we are עבדים to anyone else, whether another human being or to אלהים אחרים, then the deal is off.
And that serves as the introduction to תשובה. ה׳ is telling us that the deal remains on the table; we can go back to it any time we want:
And there is a textual connection to the description of the rewards of being an עבד:
On Rosh Hashana, we invoke two similes that represent the two aspects of ברית:
The ברית אהבה, symbolized as כרחם אב על בנים, is not a matter of our free will, our choice. You don’t get to choose your family. ברית סיני, the ברית of נעשה ונשמע, is a transaction between הקב״ה and us, and we accept that transaction with the קבלת מלכות שמים that we express on ראש השנה.