This is largely based on רב קופרמן's פשוטו של מקרא, volume 2: מדור ד, פרק 1(ב), כל ”אחר“ שבמקרא—סמוך, ”אחרי“—מופלג.
This week’s parsha has the War of the Four Kings (which always reminds me of The Hobbit):
Followed by the ברית בין הבתרים:
Rashi makes a lexical point to connect the two:
What do סמוך and מפלג mean? There have been multiple suggestions (based on time, space or textual proximity) but I think the one that makes most sense is from Rabbi
Yitzchak Horowitz, a rabbi in 1870’s Yaroslav (Poland):
So אחר הדברים האלה means that the two narratives are connected, while אחרי הדברים האלה would mean that they are not. The victory in פרק יד led to Avram’s concern, leading to the ברית of פרק טו.
Rav Copperman makes an interesting observation: רש׳י explicitly cites בראשית רבה. I don’t have access to manuscripts of Rashi, and all the printed texts I have looked at have the בראשית רבה in parentheses, as through the citation was added by the editor. But I will take Rav Copperman’s word for it.
The implication is that this interpretation—כל מקום שנאמר ”אחר“–סמוך, ”אחרי“—מפלג—is דרש, not פשט. But making that kind of delicate textual distinctions is a matter for פשט as well, and the classical פשט-oriented commentators agree that the phrase represents cause and effect:
I think the explanation for Rashi’s emphasis that the cause and effect relationship is אחריות בראשית רבה, lies in the fact that Rashi is only quoting part of the conversation in בראשית רבה:
So which way does Rashi hold? In our pasuk, Rashi says ”אחר“–סמוך. But he’s not consistent:
So you could read אחרי הפרד לוט as cause and effect: Lot was a bad influence, and only when he left, did ה׳ appear to Avram. Or you could read אחרי as disjunctive: ה׳ was upset with Avram for allowing Lot to leave, but despite that, He appeared him.
If Rashi holds אחר“–סמוך, ”אחרי“—מפלג”, then we would expect the latter. But that’s not what Rashi says:
In other words, here Rashi holds אחרי“—סמוך”.
Similarly, the transition in next week’s parsha from the עקידה to the news of the birth of רבקה:
If אחרי“—מפלג”, then there should be no cause and effect relationship here. But that’s not what Rashi says:
Here again Rashi holds אחרי“—סמוך”.
And again, in next week’s parsha:
א ויהי אחר הדברים האלה והאלקים נסה את אברהם; ויאמר אליו אברהם ויאמר הנני׃
בראשית כב:א
You could read this as cause and effect (Avraham lived with the Philistine, so ה׳ tested him), consistent with אחר“–סמוך”, and that’s exactly what Rashbam does:
But Rashi explicitly says there’s no connection: אחר הדברים האלה refers to some other cause, not explicitly mentioned in the text:
Rashi holds אחר“—מפלג”, not connected to the previous narrative.
So is Rashi inconsistent? I don’t think so. I think, based on the examples above (I haven’t done an exhaustive search) that Rashi would read the פשט like רב הונא: בכל מקום שנאמר ”אחר“, סמוך. ”אחרי“, מופלג. But Rashi isn’t trying to understand just the פשט:
And in the pasuk we started with, אחר הדברים האלה היה דבר ה׳ אל אברם במחזה, Rashi would say the פשט is מפלג, unconnected by cause and effect. He has to say that because he, famously, holds that the ברית בין הבתרים was 5 years before Avram comes to Canaan:
(Yitzchak was born when Avraham was 100, so the ברית בין הבתרים was when Avram was 70. Avram comes to Canaan when he is 75: (בראשית יב:ד) ואברם בן חמש שנים ושבעים שנה בצאתו מחרן.)
But פשט doesn’t tell us the full story. We need the Midrash that says the stories are סמוך; an אגדה המישבת דברי המקרא. The Torah isn’t a history book; it is meant to teach us how to live. So Rashi adds the דרש: שמא קבלתי שכר על כל צדקותי. I think the message that Rashi wants us to learn is the one that Sforno refers to: the reward for מצוות is not a simple accounting, accumulating points that we can trade in for fun prizes.
We obey the will of ה׳ because it is the right thing to do, but be assured that אדם אוכל פירותיהם בעולם הזה והקרן קיימת לו לעולם הבא; the reward will be beyond our comprehension. שכרך הרבה מאד.