א ויהי ככלתו לדבר אל שאול ונפש יהונתן נקשרה בנפש דוד; ויאהבו (ויאהבהו) יהונתן כנפשו׃ ב ויקחהו שאול ביום ההוא; ולא נתנו לשוב בית אביו׃ ג ויכרת יהונתן ודוד ברית באהבתו אתו כנפשו׃ ד ויתפשט יהונתן את המעיל אשר עליו ויתנהו לדוד; ומדיו ועד חרבו ועד קשתו ועד חגרו׃ שמואל א פרק יח הנער בא ודוד קם מאצל הנגב ויפל לאפיו ארצה וישתחו שלש פעמים; וישקו איש את רעהו ויבכו איש את רעהו עד דוד הגדיל׃ The question came up of the relationship between David and Jonathan; was it an ancient example of homosexuality? The very question is shocking; משכב זכר is a capital crime; to accuse צדיקים of such an act should be unthinkable. But we feel a frisson at the very fact that is so trangressive; we love to find ways to criticize the heroes of תנ״ך. Plus, the possibility has been applied to some contemporary political questions (which I will not touch here). First a spoiler: Betteridge's law of headlines states that, "Any headline which ends in a question mark can be answered by the word no." So too here. The answer is no. We will go through some of the language of the נביא to justify that answer. Part of the difficulty is defining the question. What do we mean? Was David physically attracted to men rather than women? Certainly not; the story of בת שבע proves that. Did they have an emotional connection like that between man and wife? No; their connection was stronger than that. David describes it as (שמואל ב פרק א:כו) נפלאתה אהבתך לי מאהבת נשים. The text quoted above uses the term ונפש יהונתן נקשרה בנפש דוד, which is used for the love of a parent for a child, as in יעקב: (בראשית מד:ל) ונפשו קשורה בנפשו. The term אהבה is used for many types of relationships; there is no reason to say that of Jonathan and David was that of man and wife. Did they have a physical relationship at all? The only evidence is the kiss in פרק כ. אבן עזרא points out the difference between נשיקה ל־ and נשיקה את (describing עשו's kissing יעקב): עם למ״ד ביד או בכתף או בצואר ובלי למ״ד בפה A kiss with את, with נשק as a transitive verb with a direct object, is on the mouth. A kiss with ל־, "kissing toward", is on the head or some other part of the body. And רמב״ן agrees (discussing how יעקב could kiss רחל): או הוא כדברי רבי אברהם (לעיל כז כה) כי נשיקה בלמ״ד איננה בפה רק נשק אותה על ראשה או על כתיפה So the kiss here, וישקו איש את רעהו, implies on the mouth rather than a peck on the cheek. It seems much more intimate. But in תנ״ך, it isn't necessarily sexual; עשו's kiss of יעקב uses the direct-object form, as does שמואל's kiss of שאול after he is annointed: (שמואל א י:א) ויקח שמואל את פך השמן ויצק על ראשו וישקהו. And רש״י does not seem to agree with this distinction at all; when לבן kisses יעקב, with the direct-object form, רש״י comments: אמר שמא מרגליות הביא והם בפיו Evidently נשיקה בלמ״ד can also be on the mouth. So we have no evidence for a homosexual, physical, relationship or a homoerotic, emotional, relationship. And the other things I have read adduced as evidence, like (שמואל א יח:ד) ויתפשט יהונתן את המעיל אשר עליו ויתנהו לדוד; ומדיו ועד חרבו ועד קשתו ועד חגרו meaning that Jonathan removed all his clothing, or that (שמואל א כ:ל) ויחר אף שאול ביהונתן ויאמר לו בן נעות המרדות; הלוא ידעתי כי בחר אתה לבן ישי לבשתך ולבשת ערות אמך refers to Jonathan's nakedness, are just silly. But the strongest argument to me that there was no romantic love between David and Jonathan is from reading the text itself. In all the conversations between them, there is no sense that they want to spend time together. They talk about the future in terms of politics and war, no sense of "when this is all over, we can be together", no "I wish I knew how to quit you". Seeing that sort of relationship in what the נביא tells us is the worst sort of projection. It just isn't there.